Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz and/or Manihot utillisima Phol) has been processed into food products worldwide for several hundred years. The traditional methods of processing cassava roots into food have been adapted to suit the attributes of the plant such as root yield, spoilage, cyanide content, nutrient content, and process-ability. With increasing population, increasing demand of consumers for better quality foods and increasing new uses for cassava, indigenous methods of cultivation and processing of cassava have been transformed by modern scientific knowledge for use in industrial operations. Cassava is basically made into fermented and unfermented products. Fermented products include cassava bread, fermented cassava flour, fermented starch, fufu, lafun, akyeke (or attieke), agbelima, and gari, whereas the unfermented products include tapioca, cassava chips and pellets, unfermented cassava flour and starch. New food uses of cassava include as flour in gluten free or gluten-reduced products (e.g....

Utilization of Cassava for Food

The study of the effect of cassava effluents on macroinvertebrates along downstream reaches of the Orogodo River, the Niger Delta was carried out monthly from January to June 2006. Three study stations were selected along the river course (upstream of the cassava impacted site, the cassava-impacted site, and downstream of the cassava impacted site). The study showed that cassava effluents caused a decrease in dissolved oxygen and pH and an increase in biochemical demand (BOD) and nitrates. Significant differences in these parameters were established among the stations sampled. A post hoc test indicated that station II (the cassava impacted site) was the cause of the observed differences. A total of 55 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa with a mean of 6,116 individuals were collected from the three stations along the river. The analysis showed that the overall density of fauna differed significantly among the stations. Cassava effluents permitted the dominance of oligochaetes and dipterans at station II and th...

Effects of Cassava effluent on Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in a Tropical Stream in Southern Nigeria

The primary aim of the present study is to evaluate the highest concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in Nile catfish (Clarias gariepinus, C. gariepinus) and water samples, as well as to investigate the efficiency of pomegranate peels (PPs) (supplemented either through water or diet) in enhancing fish immunity and counteracting the toxicity of high concentrations of HMs. Water and C. gariepinus samples were collected from two private fish farms in Al Sharkia Governorate. Mercury (Hg) showed the highest concentration (0.13 ppm). The adsorption capacity of PP was evaluated by testing different concentrations, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 g L–1, wherein 1.5 g L–1 revealed the highest Hg adsorption efficiency. The results indicated that Hg concentration was decreased with increased PP concentration until 72 h. In a trial that lasted for 60 days, 240 C. gariepinus (75.12 ± 3.12 g) were randomly divided into eight equal groups with three replicates per group. The first group (CT) served as the negative control (fish fed on a basal diet). The second group (PPW) was fed on a basal diet and supplemented with 0.3 g L−1 of PP via water. The third (PPD1) and fourth (PPD2) groups received basal diets enriched with 1 and 2 g PP powder/kg diet. respectively. The fifth group (Hg) served as the positive control that was fed on a basal diet and exposed to 0.13 ppm of Hg. The sixth (Hg + PPW), seventh (Hg + PPD1), and eighth (Hg + PPD2) groups were exposed to 0.13 ppm of Hg and received the same type of treatment as in second, third, and fourth groups. Hg exposure significantly elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine levels, as well as oxidative stress biomarkers, including reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Pomegranate supplementation through diet elevated the levels of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), lysozyme, and anti-protease activity. Moreover, PP supplementation through water revealed minimum urea and creatinine levels, and the highest nitric oxide level. Moreover, Hg residue level in fish muscles noticeably decreased in the PP-treated groups. These results demonstrated the efficiency of PP supplementation (either through water or diet) in enhancing fish immunity and counteracting subchronic Hg toxicity.

Bioremediation effect of pomegranate peel on subchronic mercury immunotoxicity on African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus )

This study assessed the effect of cassava effluent on soil microbiological characteristics and enzymatic activities were investigated in soil samples. Soil properties and heavy metal concentrations were evaluated using standard soil analytical and spectroscopic methods, respectively. The microbiological parameters measured include microbial biomass carbon, basal soil respiration, catalase, urease, dehydrogenase activities and number of culturable aerobic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. The pH and temperature regime vary significantly (p < 0.05) throughout the study period. All other physicochemical parameters studied were significantly different (p < 0.05) higher than the control site. Soil organic carbon content gave significant positive correlations with microbial biomass carbon, basal soil respiration, catalase activity and dehydrogenase activity (r = 0.450, 0.461, 0.574 and 0.591 at p < 0.01), respectively. The quantitative analysis of soil microbial density demonstrates a marked decrease in total culturable numbers of the different microbial groups of the polluted soil samples. Soil contamination decreased catalase, urease and dehydrogenase activities. The findings revealed that soil enzymes can be used as indices of soil contamination and bio-indicator of soil quality.

Effect of cassava mill effluent on biological activity of soil microbial community

Microbial load, heavy metals and cyanide contents of water sources and effluents from three processing locations (Ibadan, Abeokuta and Ilaro) were evaluated. Water samples and effluents were aseptically collected using sterile containers and analysed for microbial load, heavy metals and cyanide contents. The peels were also analysed for cyanide content. Water samples from cassava processing location at Ilaro had the highest microbial load with a value of 1.8x10 6 cfu/ml. The values of fungi (1.1x10 2 -2.0x10 2 cfu/ml) in water samples from Abeokuta were highest. In terms of coliform counts (0.9 x10 2 -1.0x10 2 cfu/ml), water samples from Ibadan and Ilaro were most contaminated. There were significant differences (P< 0.05) in cyanide contents of peels and in Mn and Fe contents of effluent and water samples. Peels, effluents and water samples from cassava processing location at Ilaro recorded the highest values for cyanide, Mn and Fe respectively. There was no detectable level of Pb in effluents and water samples from Abeokuta and Ilaro.

An evaluation of microbial load, heavy metals and cyanide contents of water sources, effluents and peels from three cassava processing locations

Optimization of processing parameters for drying of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.var) slices using Taguchi technique

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/16583655.2019.1658400

Histopathological biomarking changes in the internal organs of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to heavy metals contamination from Dandaru pond, Ibadan, Nigeria

This study was carried out to determine the species distribution and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from thirty samples of Wara (West African Cheese) sold in Osogbo, Ede and Ikire, all located in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. The bacteria were isolated from the samples using standard protocol and subjected to RAPD-PCR to determine the probable variants in each species. Antibiotic sensitivity test and plasmid profiling were also carried out on each isolated bacterium. Five bacteria species namely, Serratia marcesens, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus casei, Corynebacterium species and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the samples. Results of RAPD-PCR showed two band patterns of genes for S. aureus and four band patterns L. casei and Corynebacterium species. Most of the isolates had multiple resistances to antibiotics but did not harbour plasmids. The contamination of the cheese with human body flora which has been implicated as causative agents of gastro-intestinal, urinary tract, and food poisoning indicates poor hygienic conditions in the processing and handling of the cheese. Therefore, there is need for periodic public health enlightenment for the people involved in the processing and handling of the cheese to reduce the incidence of microbial contamination.

/pdf/molecular-characterization-and-antibiotic-susceptibility-4ehgkrcpql.pdf

Molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from wara (west african cheese) sold in osun state, nigeria

The research was carried out to assess the lipid characteristics of oil extracted from the head and gills of Claris macrocephalus and Scomber scombrus. The results confirmed the presence of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C22:6 as the major fatty acids. Titus fish head (TFHD) oil had a total saturated fatty acid (TSFA) of 40.804 ± 0.002% of which C16:0 and C18:0 were the most dominant fatty acids present while the total monounsaturated fatty (TMUFA) acids present in the oil was 33.853 ± 0.001%. The total polyunsaturated fatty acid (TPUFA) content of the TFHD oil sample was found to be 25.368 ± 0.002%. The results revealed that the total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA) present in the TFHD was higher than the TSFA. The results obtained for Titus fish gills (TFGL) oil sample followed the same trend as observed in the head sample. The results showed that the four (4) oil samples contain high level of palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) both of which are saturated fatty acids (SFA). The main MUFA identified was C18:1 (cis-6) and ranged from 14.120 ± 0.004 to 20.418 ± 0.002% for TFHD, TFGL, CFHD, CFGL and oleic acid (C18:1) ranged from 10.297 ± 0.001 to 11.570 ± 0.003% for TFHD, TFGL, CFHD and CFGL. Oils of CFHD and TFHD showed higher peroxide values indicating suitability for human consumption.

/pdf/quality-characteristics-of-extracted-oil-from-the-head-and-1rh2e71wah.pdf

O. O. Abiona

Papers

An evaluation of microbial load, heavy metals and cyanide contents of water sources, effluents and peels from three cassava processing locations

Optimization of processing parameters for drying of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.var) slices using Taguchi technique

Histopathological biomarking changes in the internal organs of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to heavy metals contamination from Dandaru pond, Ibadan, Nigeria

Molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from wara (west african cheese) sold in osun state, nigeria

Quality characteristics of extracted oil from the head and gills of Catfish and Titus fish