Author
Osondu Ogbuoji
Other affiliations: Durham University, Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University
Bio: Osondu Ogbuoji is an academic researcher from Duke University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Medicine & Global health. The author has an hindex of 10, co-authored 42 publications receiving 566 citations. Previous affiliations of Osondu Ogbuoji include Durham University & Harvard University.
Topics: Medicine, Global health, Hearing loss, Health policy, Health care
Papers
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TL;DR: A rapid systematic review of the global evidence on interventions that can improve adherence to ART, including individual-level interventions and changes to the structure of ART delivery, to inform the evidence base for the 2013 WHO consolidated antiretroviral guidelines.
Abstract: Introduction: Access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) has substantially improved over the past decade. In this new era of HIV as a chronic disease, the continued success of ART will depend critically on sustained high ART adherence. The objective of this review was to systematically review interventions that can improve adherence to ART, including individual-level interventions and changes to the structure of ART delivery, to inform the evidence base for the 2013 WHO consolidated antiretroviral guidelines. Design: A rapid systematic review. Methods: We conducted a rapid systematic review of the global evidence on interventions to improve adherence to ART, utilizing pre-existing systematic reviews to identify relevant research evidence complemented by screening of databases for articles published over the past 2 years on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We searched five databases for both systematic reviews and primary RCT studies (Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and WHO Global Health Library); we additionally searched ClinicalTrials.gov for RCT studies. We examined intervention effectiveness by different study characteristics, in particular, the specific populations who received the intervention. Results: A total of 124 studies met our selection criteria. Eighty-six studies were RCTs. More than 20 studies have tested the effectiveness of each of the following interventions, either singly or in combination with other interventions: cognitive-behavioural interventions, education, treatment supporters, directly observed therapy, and active adherence reminder devices (such as mobile phone text messages). Although there is strong evidence that all five of these interventions can significantly increase ART adherence in some settings, each intervention has also been found not to produce significant effects in several studies. Almost half (55) of the 124 studies investigated the effectiveness of combination interventions. Combination interventions tended to have effects that were similar to those of single interventions. The evidence base on interventions in key populations was weak, with the exception of interventions for people who inject drugs. Conclusion: Tested and effective adherence-enhancing interventions should be increasingly moved into implementation in routine programme and care settings, accompanied by rigorous evaluation of implementation impact and performance. Major evidence gaps on adherence-enhancing interventions remain, in particular, on the cost-effectiveness of interventions in different settings, long-term effectiveness, and effectiveness of interventions in specific populations, such as pregnant and breastfeeding women.
218 citations
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TL;DR: This study presents estimates of the proportion of individuals with at least 1 of the 3 self-reported Long COVID symptom clusters in 2020 and 2021, which were more common in women aged 20 years or older by sex and for both sexes of nonhospitalized individuals younger than 20 years of age.
Abstract: Importance
Some individuals experience persistent symptoms after initial symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection (often referred to as Long COVID).
Objective
To estimate the proportion of males and females with COVID-19, younger or older than 20 years of age, who had Long COVID symptoms in 2020 and 2021 and their Long COVID symptom duration.
Design, Setting, and Participants
Bayesian meta-regression and pooling of 54 studies and 2 medical record databases with data for 1.2 million individuals (from 22 countries) who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of the 54 studies, 44 were published and 10 were collaborating cohorts (conducted in Austria, the Faroe Islands, Germany, Iran, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US). The participant data were derived from the 44 published studies (10 501 hospitalized individuals and 42 891 nonhospitalized individuals), the 10 collaborating cohort studies (10 526 and 1906), and the 2 US electronic medical record databases (250 928 and 846 046). Data collection spanned March 2020 to January 2022.
Exposures
Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Proportion of individuals with at least 1 of the 3 self-reported Long COVID symptom clusters (persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings; cognitive problems; or ongoing respiratory problems) 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020 and 2021, estimated separately for hospitalized and nonhospitalized individuals aged 20 years or older by sex and for both sexes of nonhospitalized individuals younger than 20 years of age.
Results
A total of 1.2 million individuals who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection were included (mean age, 4-66 years; males, 26%-88%). In the modeled estimates, 6.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 2.4%-13.3%) of individuals who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced at least 1 of the 3 Long COVID symptom clusters in 2020 and 2021, including 3.2% (95% UI, 0.6%-10.0%) for persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings, 3.7% (95% UI, 0.9%-9.6%) for ongoing respiratory problems, and 2.2% (95% UI, 0.3%-7.6%) for cognitive problems after adjusting for health status before COVID-19, comprising an estimated 51.0% (95% UI, 16.9%-92.4%), 60.4% (95% UI, 18.9%-89.1%), and 35.4% (95% UI, 9.4%-75.1%), respectively, of Long COVID cases. The Long COVID symptom clusters were more common in women aged 20 years or older (10.6% [95% UI, 4.3%-22.2%]) 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection than in men aged 20 years or older (5.4% [95% UI, 2.2%-11.7%]). Both sexes younger than 20 years of age were estimated to be affected in 2.8% (95% UI, 0.9%-7.0%) of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. The estimated mean Long COVID symptom cluster duration was 9.0 months (95% UI, 7.0-12.0 months) among hospitalized individuals and 4.0 months (95% UI, 3.6-4.6 months) among nonhospitalized individuals. Among individuals with Long COVID symptoms 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, an estimated 15.1% (95% UI, 10.3%-21.1%) continued to experience symptoms at 12 months.
Conclusions and Relevance
This study presents modeled estimates of the proportion of individuals with at least 1 of 3 self-reported Long COVID symptom clusters (persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings; cognitive problems; or ongoing respiratory problems) 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.
165 citations
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TL;DR: This systematic review aims to determine which interventions improve retention within prevention of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programmes after birth, transitioning from PMTCT to general ART programmes in the postpartum period, and retention of post partum women in general ART programs.
Abstract: Introduction : The World Health Organization recommends lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV. Effective transitioning from maternal and child health to ART services, and long-term retention in ART care postpartum is crucial to the successful implementation of lifelong ART for pregnant women. This systematic review aims to determine which interventions improve (1) retention within prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programmes after birth, (2) transitioning from PMTCT to general ART programmes in the postpartum period, and (3) retention of postpartum women in general ART programmes. Methods : We searched Medline, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, the regional World Health Organization databases and conference abstracts for data published between 2002 and 2015. The quality of all included studies was assessed using the GRADE criteria. Results and Discussion : After screening 8324 records, we identified ten studies for inclusion in this review, all of which were from sub-Saharan Africa except for one from the United Kingdom. Two randomized trials found that phone calls and/or text messages improved early (six to ten weeks) postpartum retention in PMTCT. One cluster-randomized trial and three cohort studies found an inconsistent impact of different levels of integration between antenatal care/PMTCT and ART care on postpartum retention. The inconsistent results of the four identified studies on care integration are likely due to low study quality, and heterogeneity in intervention design and outcome measures. Several randomized trials on postpartum retention in HIV care are currently under way. Conclusions : Overall, the evidence base for interventions to improve postpartum retention in HIV care is weak. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that phone-based interventions can improve retention in PMTCT in the first one to three months postpartum. Keywords: PMTCT; retention; Option B+; postpartum; HIV; antiretroviral therapy; loss to follow-up. (Published: 25 April 2016) Citation: Geldsetzer P et al. Journal of the International AIDS Socity 2016, 19 :20679 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/20679 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.1.20679
101 citations
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University of Washington1, Duke University2, World Bank Group3, Pan American Health Organization4, University of California, San Francisco5, University of Miami6, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation7, Harvard University8, Peking University9, Center for Global Development10, RTI International11, Office of Population Research12, Public Health Foundation of India13, Results for Development Institute14, World Health Organization15
TL;DR: This paper presents Alma-Ata at 40 years: reflections from the Lancet Commission on Investing in Health.
70 citations
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TL;DR: Developing a safe, effective vaccine alone will not be enough to end the pandemic; the vaccine must also be delivered globally at a price affordable to all governments and allocated in a way that maximises immediate and long-term public health impact and simultaneously achieves equity.
Abstract: ### Summary box
Progress in developing COVID-19 vaccines has been rapid: the first clinical trial of a vaccine candidate began in Seattle, USA on 16 March 2020—just 63 days after China shared the genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. As of 12 November 2020, there were 48 candidate vaccines in clinical trials.1 Given standard attrition rates, we can expect at least a handful of COVID-19 vaccines to eventually be launched.
However, developing a safe, effective vaccine alone will not be enough to end the pandemic. The vaccine must also be delivered globally at a price affordable to all governments and allocated in a way that maximises immediate and long-term public health impact and simultaneously achieves equity. In previous pandemics, these goals were not achieved. For example, in the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, rich countries monopolised the vaccine supply; low-income countries (LICs) and middle-income countries (MICs) received …
48 citations
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TL;DR: The role of the world bank is discussed in this article, where the authors discuss the role of world bank in the development of Nigeria and its role in industrial development of the country.
Abstract: Poverty around the world global issues. links to the individual wgi sources world bank. world bank group international development poverty. bank bnp paribas the bank for a changing world. noel edmonds blog lloyds bank hbos scandal lloyds victims. personal banking bmo bank of montreal. ranking of economies doing business world bank group. about the world bank world bank group international. world bank country and lending groups world bank data. wbg econsultant2. private participation in infrastructure ppi project. home lloyds banking group plc. world bank. world bank home facebook. the world cafe. world bank group doing business measuring business. multilateral investment guarantee agency world bank group. industrial development of nigeria the role of the world bank. news and insight hsbc holdings plc. news tribune central mo breaking news
753 citations
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TL;DR: I am moved by Professor Allan's elegy to bygone NHS virtues of ‘calm caring and gentle pace of clinical life… and all the time in the world to deliver compassionate care'.
Abstract: Editor – I am moved by Professor Allan's elegy to bygone NHS virtues of ‘calm caring and gentle pace of clinical life… and all the time in the world to deliver compassionate care' ( Clin Med October 2009 p 407). One's immediate instinct would be to say ‘Ah, but times have changed' – only
564 citations