Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast represents a heterogeneous group of neoplastic lesions in the breast ducts. The goal for management of DCIS is to prevent the development of invasive breast cancer. This manuscript focuses on the NCCN Guidelines Panel recommendations for the workup, primary treatment, risk reduction strategies, and surveillance specific to DCIS.

https://www.unitypoint.org/desmoines/filesimages/Cancer%20Education/Oncology%20Nursing%20Conference/2015/2014%20NCCN%20Clin%20Pract%20Guidelines%20Male%20Sex%20Dysf.pdf

Clinical practice guidelines in oncology

Background
Any form of screening aims to reduce disease-specific and overall mortality, and to improve a person's future quality of life. Screening for prostate cancer has generated considerable debate within the medical and broader community, as demonstrated by the varying recommendations made by medical organizations and governed by national policies. To better inform individual patient decision-making and health policy decisions, we need to consider the entire body of data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on prostate cancer screening summarised in a systematic review. In 2006, our Cochrane review identified insufficient evidence to either support or refute the use of routine mass, selective, or opportunistic screening for prostate cancer. An update of the review in 2010 included three additional trials. Meta-analysis of the five studies included in the 2010 review concluded that screening did not significantly reduce prostate cancer-specific mortality. In the past two years, several updates to studies included in the 2010 review have been published thereby providing the rationale for this update of the 2010 systematic review.

Objectives
To determine whether screening for prostate cancer reduces prostate cancer-specific mortality or all-cause mortality and to assess its impact on quality of life and adverse events.

Search methods
An updated search of electronic databases (PROSTATE register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CANCERLIT, and the NHS EED) was performed, in addition to handsearching of specific journals and bibliographies, in an effort to identify both published and unpublished trials.

Selection criteria
All RCTs of screening versus no screening for prostate cancer were eligible for inclusion in this review.

Data collection and analysis
The original search (2006) identified 99 potentially relevant articles that were selected for full-text review. From these citations, two RCTs were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. The search for the 2010 version of the review identified a further 106 potentially relevant articles, from which three new RCTs were included in the review. A total of 31 articles were retrieved for full-text examination based on the updated search in 2012. Updated data on three studies were included in this review. Data from the trials were independently extracted by two authors.

Main results
Five RCTs with a total of 341,342 participants were included in this review. All involved prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, with or without digital rectal examination (DRE), though the interval and threshold for further evaluation varied across trials. The age of participants ranged from 45 to 80 years and duration of follow-up from 7 to 20 years. Our meta-analysis of the five included studies indicated no statistically significant difference in prostate cancer-specific mortality between men randomised to the screening and control groups (risk ratio (RR) 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86 to 1.17). The methodological quality of three of the studies was assessed as posing a high risk of bias. The European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) and the US Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial were assessed as posing a low risk of bias, but provided contradicting results. The ERSPC study reported a significant reduction in prostate cancer-specific mortality (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.95), whilst the PLCO study concluded no significant benefit (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.54). The ERSPC was the only study of the five included in this review that reported a significant reduction in prostate cancer-specific mortality, in a pre-specified subgroup of men aged 55 to 69 years of age. Sensitivity analysis for overall risk of bias indicated no significant difference in prostate cancer-specific mortality when referring to the meta analysis of only the ERSPC and PLCO trial data (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.30). Subgroup analyses indicated that prostate cancer-specific mortality was not affected by the age at which participants were screened. Meta-analysis of four studies investigating all-cause mortality did not determine any significant differences between men randomised to screening or control (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.03). A diagnosis of prostate cancer was significantly greater in men randomised to screening compared to those randomised to control (RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.65). Localised prostate cancer was more commonly diagnosed in men randomised to screening (RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.70), whilst the proportion of men diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer was significantly lower in the screening group compared to the men serving as controls (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.87). Screening resulted in a range of harms that can be considered minor to major in severity and duration. Common minor harms from screening include bleeding, bruising and short-term anxiety. Common major harms include overdiagnosis and overtreatment, including infection, blood loss requiring transfusion, pneumonia, erectile dysfunction, and incontinence. Harms of screening included false-positive results for the PSA test and overdiagnosis (up to 50% in the ERSPC study). Adverse events associated with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsies included infection, bleeding and pain. No deaths were attributed to any biopsy procedure. None of the studies provided detailed assessment of the effect of screening on quality of life or provided a comprehensive assessment of resource utilization associated with screening (although preliminary analyses were reported).

Authors' conclusions
Prostate cancer screening did not significantly decrease prostate cancer-specific mortality in a combined meta-analysis of five RCTs. Only one study (ERSPC) reported a 21% significant reduction of prostate cancer-specific mortality in a pre-specified subgroup of men aged 55 to 69 years. Pooled data currently demonstrates no significant reduction in prostate cancer-specific and overall mortality. Harms associated with PSA-based screening and subsequent diagnostic evaluations are frequent, and moderate in severity. Overdiagnosis and overtreatment are common and are associated with treatment-related harms. Men should be informed of this and the demonstrated adverse effects when they are deciding whether or not to undertake screening for prostate cancer. Any reduction in prostate cancer-specific mortality may take up to 10 years to accrue; therefore, men who have a life expectancy less than 10 to 15 years should be informed that screening for prostate cancer is unlikely to be beneficial. No studies examined the independent role of screening by DRE.

Screening for prostate cancer.

As innovation continues to move 21st century surgery forward, one of the emerging concepts is single-port or single-incision laparoscopic surgery. The fundamental idea is to have all of the laparoscopic working ports entering the abdominal wall through the same incision. The major drawback to such a surgical approach is that the concept of ‘‘triangulation’’ to which laparoscopic surgeons have grown accustomed in terms of both the instruments and scope is lacking. This, however, seems to be overshadowed by the increasing acceptability of in-line viewing, with the reemphasis on surgeons performing flexible endoscopy and on newer ideas such as natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). This very paradigm shift has energized both surgeons and industry to research important issues and develop new technology to make concepts such as single-port laparoscopic surgery become a reality. As part of the effort put forth by the technology committee of the Society of Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) to inform surgeons about cutting edge technology, this article is published both to clarify understanding of the single-port laparoscopic surgery concept and to categorize the currently available tools and techniques.

Single-port laparoscopic surgery: an overview

Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery: initial hundred patients.

https://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstream/10400.26/2543/1/NOTES.pdf

Laparoendoscopic Single-site and Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery in Urology: A Critical Analysis of the Literature ☆

Robotic simple prostatectomy

Single-port transvesical simple prostatectomy: initial clinical report.

Single-port transvesical enucleation of the prostate was technically feasible in all 3 cases. The operative time was 6, 1.5, and 2.5 hours, and the blood loss was 900, 250, and 350 mL. In patient 1, who had previously undergone open suprapubic surgery, a bowel injury occurred during r-Port insertion; the injury was recognized and repaired intraoperatively without sequelae. The urethral Foley catheter was removed on day 4, and all patients were voiding spontaneously with a minimal postvoid residual volume and full continence. CONCLUSIONS Transvesical single-port laparoscopic simple prostatectomy is technically feasible. Additional experience at our and other institutions is necessary to determine its role in the surgical management of large-volume symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. UROLOGY 72: 960 –965, 2008. © 2008 Elsevier Inc.

Rapid Communication Single-Port Transvesical Simple Prostatectomy: Initial Clinical Report

Background and Purpose: Groin dissection remains the gold standard for the treatment of penile carcinoma that has metastasized to the inguinal lymph nodes. However, it is associated with wound-related complications. Modified groin dissection offers a less-radical approach without compromising oncologic outcomes. We present our technique for endoscopic lymphadenectomy for penile carcinoma (ELPC). Patients and Methods: Eight patients with clinical stage T2 N0-3M0 penile carcinoma underwent ELPC. Preoperative Doppler ultrasound mapping of the inguinal lymph nodes and the saphenous vein was performed. Results: Fourteen lymphadenectomies, including superficial with or without deep inguinal and pelvic-node dissection, were completed in eight patients. The median operative time was 91 minutes (range 50–150 minutes), and the mean number of nodes removed was 9 (range 4–15). No perioperative complications occurred. Lymphoceles developed in three groins (23%). No wound-related complications were seen. Conclusions: T...

Oswaldo Carmona

Papers

Robotic simple prostatectomy

Single-port transvesical simple prostatectomy: initial clinical report.

Rapid Communication Single-Port Transvesical Simple Prostatectomy: Initial Clinical Report

Endoscopic lymphadenectomy for penile carcinoma.

NOTES Hybrid Transvaginal Radical Nephrectomy for Tumor: Stepwise Progression Toward a First Successful Clinical Case