Marine plastic debris floating on the ocean surface is a major environmental problem. However, its distribution in the ocean is poorly mapped, and most of the plastic waste estimated to have entered the ocean from land is unaccounted for. Better understanding of how plastic debris is transported from coastal and marine sources is crucial to quantify and close the global inventory of marine plastics, which in turn represents critical information for mitigation or policy strategies. At the same time, plastic is a unique tracer that provides an opportunity to learn more about the physics and dynamics of our ocean across multiple scales, from the Ekman convergence in basin-scale gyres to individual waves in the surfzone. In this review, we comprehensively discuss what is known about the different processes that govern the transport of floating marine plastic debris in both the open ocean and the coastal zones, based on the published literature and referring to insights from neighbouring fields such as oil spill dispersion, marine safety recovery, plankton connectivity, and others. We discuss how measurements of marine plastics (both in situ and in the laboratory), remote sensing, and numerical simulations can elucidate these processes and their interactions across spatio-temporal scales.

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The physical oceanography of the transport of floating marine debris

Preparing the books to read every day is enjoyable for many people. However, there are still many people who also don't like reading. This is a problem. But, when you can support others to start reading, it will be better. One of the books that can be recommended for new readers is dynamics and modelling of ocean waves. This book is not kind of difficult book to read. It can be read and understand by the new readers.

Dynamics and Modelling of Ocean Waves

Implementation of the vortex force formalism in the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system for inner shelf and surf zone applications

Depth-induced wave breaking in a non-hydrostatic, near-shore wave model

EurOtop: Manual on wave overtopping of sea defences and related sturctures : an overtopping manual largely based on European research, but for worlwide application

SWASH: An operational public domain code for simulating wave fields and rapidly varied flows in coastal waters

Non-hydrostatic modeling of surf zone wave dynamics

Non-hydrostatic modelling of infragravity waves under laboratory conditions

A high-resolution dataset of three irregular wave conditions collected on a gently sloping laboratory beach is analyzed to study nonlinear energy transfers involving infragravity frequencies. This study uses bispectral analysis to identify the dominant, nonlinear interactions and estimate energy transfers to investigate energy flows within the spectra. Energy flows are identified by dividing transfers into four types of triad interactions, with triads including one, two, or three infragravity–frequency components, and triad interactions solely between short-wave frequencies. In the shoaling zone, the energy transfers are generally from the spectral peak to its higher harmonics and to infragravity frequencies. While receiving net energy, infragravity waves participate in interactions that spread energy of the short-wave peaks to adjacent frequencies, thereby cre- ating a broader energy spectrum. In the short-wave surf zone, infragravity–infragravity interactions develop, and close to shore, they dominate the interactions. Nonlinear energy fluxes are compared to gradients in total energy flux and are observed to balance nearly completely. Overall, energy losses at both infragravity and short-wave frequencies can largely be explained by a cascade of nonlinear energy transfers to high frequencies (say, f . 1.5 Hz) where the energy is presumably dissipated. Infragravity–infragravity interactions seem to induce higher harmonics that allow for shape transformation of the infragravity wave to symmetric. The largest decrease in infragravity wave height occurs close to the shore, where infragravity–infragravity in- teractions dominate and where the infragravity wave is asymmetric, suggesting wave breaking to be the dominant mechanism of infragravity wave dissipation.

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P.B. Smit

Papers

SWASH: An operational public domain code for simulating wave fields and rapidly varied flows in coastal waters

Depth-induced wave breaking in a non-hydrostatic, near-shore wave model

Non-hydrostatic modeling of surf zone wave dynamics

Non-hydrostatic modelling of infragravity waves under laboratory conditions

Nonlinear infragravity–wave interactions on a gently sloping laboratory beach