International Journal of Computer and Applications

The Transmission Control Protocol.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is collection of multi-hop wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without centralized control or established infrastructure. The wireless links in this network are highly error prone and can go down frequently due to mobility of nodes, interference and less infrastructure. Therefore, routing in MANET is a critical task due to highly dynamic environment. In recent years, several routing protocols have been proposed for mobile ad hoc networks and prominent among them are DSR, AODV and TORA. This research paper provides an overview of these protocols by presenting their characteristics, functionality, benefits and limitations and then makes their comparative analysis so to analyze their performance. The objective is to make observations about how the performance of these protocols can be improved.

/pdf/a-survey-of-routing-protocols-in-mobile-ad-hoc-networks-ks82t5q9lc.pdf

A Survey of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A suitable clustering algorithm for grouping sensor nodes can increase the energy efficiency of WSNs. However, clustering requires additional overhead, such as cluster head selection and assignment, and cluster construction. This paper proposes a new regional energy aware clustering method using isolated nodes for WSNs, called Regional Energy Aware Clustering with Isolated Nodes (REAC-IN). In REAC-IN, CHs are selected based on weight. Weight is determined according to the residual energy of each sensor and the regional average energy of all sensors in each cluster. Improperly designed distributed clustering algorithms can cause nodes to become isolated from CHs. Such isolated nodes communicate with the sink by consuming excess amount of energy. To prolong network lifetime, the regional average energy and the distance between sensors and the sink are used to determine whether the isolated node sends its data to a CH node in the previous round or to the sink. The simulation results of the current study revealed that REAC-IN outperforms other clustering algorithms.

Energy Efficient Clustering Scheme for Prolonging the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network With Isolated Nodes

Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSNs) constitute a subset of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) responsible for monitoring vital sign-related data of patients and accordingly route this data towards a sink. In routing sensed data towards sinks, WBSNs face some of the same routing challenges as general WSNs, but the unique requirements of WBSNs impose some more constraints that need to be addressed by the routing mechanisms. This paper identifies various issues and challenges in pursuit of effective routing in WBSNs. Furthermore, it provides a detailed literature review of the various existing routing protocols used in the WBSN domain by discussing their strengths and weaknesses.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/1/1322/pdf

A Survey of Routing Protocols in Wireless Body Sensor Networks

An evolutionary programming approach for securing medical images using watermarking scheme in invariant discrete wavelet transformation

Routing in adhoc networks is nontrivial due to highly dynamic nature of the nodes. In recent years several routing protocols targeted at mobile adhoc networks are being proposed and prominent among them are DSDV, AODV, TORA, and DSR. This paper does the comprehensive performance analysis of the routing protocols using ns2 simulator considering all the metrics as suggested by RFC 2501. Results indicate reactive routing protocols are more suitable for adhoc networks.

Performance Analysis of Adhoc Network Routing Protocols

This paper presents an image watermarking technique which exploits the human visual system (HVS), two artificial intelligence techniques [fuzzy inference system (FIS) and back propagation neural networks (BPNN)], and discrete cosine transform. The integration of FIS and BPNN results in a hybrid intelligence technique named neuro-fuzzy system, which combines the advantages of both the techniques. This system uses HVS model for calculating the weighing factor by giving the HVS parameters as inputs to the FIS and BPNN. The computed weighing value is used for embedding the watermark with maximum energy and imperceptibility. Compared to the existing methods, the proposed algorithm makes the watermark invisible and robust against numerous watermarking attacks including low-pass filtering, median filtering, rotation, JPEG compression, row---column copying, row---column blanking, image blurring, etc. Performance metrics used for comparison are peak signal-to-noise ratio and normalized cross correlation.

Robust digital image watermarking based on fuzzy inference system and back propagation neural networks using DCT

Fuzzy Inference System Based Robust Digital Image Watermarking Technique Using Discrete Cosine Transform

Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a transport protocol, like TCP and UDP. SCTP provides different services like connection orientation, reliability, end-to-end communication, flow control and congestion control. SCTP has unique quality such as multi-streaming and multi-homing which are not present in traditional transport protocols. The current transport protocols are not enough to meet the requirements of multimedia. New protocols like SCTP are being developed in order to cope up with emerging applications like multimedia. In this paper performance comparison of TCP, UDP and SCTP is done in a wired network. In order to identify the limitations of the three transport protocols in wired network and to understand the scope for improvement is the main purpose of this paper. The performance is analyzed using the metrics Packet Loss Rate (PLR), Jitter, End-to-End Delay (ETE Delay), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Throughput and Fairness. Ns-2.35 is used as a simulator.

P. Chenna Reddy

Papers

An evolutionary programming approach for securing medical images using watermarking scheme in invariant discrete wavelet transformation

Performance Analysis of Adhoc Network Routing Protocols

Robust digital image watermarking based on fuzzy inference system and back propagation neural networks using DCT

Fuzzy Inference System Based Robust Digital Image Watermarking Technique Using Discrete Cosine Transform

Performance comparison of TCP, UDP and SCTP in a wired network