This chapter introduces the finite element method (FEM) as a tool for solution of classical electromagnetic problems. Although we discuss the main points in the application of the finite element method to electromagnetic design, including formulation and implementation, those who seek deeper understanding of the finite element method should consult some of the works listed in the bibliography section.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method

The electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites containing a small amount of carbon
nanotube (CNT) are remarkably superior to those of conventional electronic composites. Based on three-dimensional (3D) statistical percolation and 3D resistor network modeling, the electrical properties of CNT nanocomposites, at and after percolation, were successfully predicted in this work. The numerical analysis was also extended to investigate the effects of the aspect ratio, the electrical conductivity, the aggregation and the shape of CNTs on the electrical properties of the nanocomposites. A simple empirical model was also established based on present numerical simulations to predict the electrical conductivity in several electronic composites with various fillers. This investigation further highlighted the importance
of theoretical and numerical analyses in the exploration of basic physical phenomena, such as percolation and conductivity in novel nanocomposites.

The electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites with carbon nanotube fillers

Potential and prospective implementation of carbon nanotubes on next generation aircraft and space vehicles: A review of current and expected applications in aerospace sciences

Carbon nanotubes as reinforcement in composites: A review of the analytical, numerical and experimental approaches

New algorithms for virtual reconstruction of heterogeneous microstructures

This paper reviews and enhances numerical models for determining thermal, elastic and electrical properties of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites. For the determination of the effective ...

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsta.2012.0494

Estimation of the physical properties of nanocomposites by finite-element discretization and Monte Carlo simulation

Cerebral cortical encephalitis (CCE) is a recently described myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease (MOGAD) phenotype. In this observational retrospective study, we characterized 19 CCE patients (6.7% of our MOGAD cohort). Headache (n=15[79%]), seizures (n=13[68%]) and encephalopathy (n=12[63%]) were frequent. MRI revealed unilateral (n=12[63%]) or bilateral (n=7[37%]) cortical T2-hyperintensity and leptomeningeal-enhancement (n=17[89%]). NMDA-receptor autoantibodies coexisted in 2 of 15 tested (13%). CCE pathology (n=2) showed extensive subpial cortical demyelination (n=2), microglial reactivity (n=2) and inflammatory infiltrates (perivascular, 1; meningeal, 1). Most received high-dose steroids (n=17[90%]) and all improved but 3 had CCE relapses. This study highlights the CCE spectrum and provides insight into its pathogenesis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ana.26549

Cerebral cortical encephalitis in MOGAD.

Cerebral cortical encephalitis (CCE) is a recently described myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease (MOGAD) phenotype. In this observational retrospective study, we characterized 19 CCE patients (6.7% of our MOGAD cohort). Headache (n = 15, 79%), seizures (n = 13, 68%), and encephalopathy (n = 12, 63%) were frequent. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed unilateral (n = 12, 63%) or bilateral (n = 7, 37%) cortical T2 hyperintensity and leptomeningeal enhancement (n = 17, 89%). N‐Methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor autoantibodies coexisted in 2 of 15 tested (13%). CCE pathology (n = 2) showed extensive subpial cortical demyelination (n = 2), microglial reactivity (n = 2), and inflammatory infiltrates (perivascular, n = 1; meningeal, n = 1). Most received high‐dose steroids (n = 17, 89%), and all improved, but 3 had CCE relapses. This study highlights the CCE spectrum and provides insight into its pathogenesis. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:297–302

Cerebral Cortical Encephalitis in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody‐Associated Disease

and Monte Carlo simulation nanocomposites by finite-element discretization Estimation of the physical properties of

Introduction Limited data exist on brain MRI enhancement in myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) and differences from aquaporin-4-IgG-positive-neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorder (AQP4+NMOSD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods In this retrospective observational study, we identified 122 Mayo Clinic MOGAD patients (1 January 1996–1 July 2020) with cerebral attacks. We explored enhancement patterns using a discovery set (n=41). We assessed enhancement frequency and Expanded Disability Status Scale scores at nadir and follow-up in the remainder (n=81). Two raters assessed T1-weighted-postgadolinium MRIs (1.5T/3T) for enhancement patterns in MOGAD, AQP4+NMOSD (n=14) and MS (n=26). Inter-rater agreement was assessed. Leptomeningeal enhancement clinical correlates were analysed. Results Enhancement occurred in 59/81 (73%) MOGAD cerebral attacks but did not influence outcome. Enhancement was often patchy/heterogeneous in MOGAD (33/59 (56%)), AQP4+NMOSD (9/14 (64%); p=0.57) and MS (16/26 (62%); p=0.63). Leptomeningeal enhancement favoured MOGAD (27/59 (46%)) over AQP4+NMOSD (1/14 (7%); p=0.01) and MS (1/26 (4%); p<0.001) with headache, fever and seizures frequent clinical correlates. Ring enhancement favoured MS (8/26 (31%); p=0.006) over MOGAD (4/59 (7%)). Linear ependymal enhancement was unique to AQP4+NMOSD (2/14 (14%)) and persistent enhancement (>3 months) was rare (0%–8%) across all groups. Inter-rater agreement for enhancement patterns was moderate. Conclusions Enhancement is common with MOGAD cerebral attacks and often has a non-specific patchy appearance and rarely persists beyond 3 months. Leptomeningeal enhancement favours MOGAD over AQP4+NMOSD and MS.

P. Elsbernd

Papers

Estimation of the physical properties of nanocomposites by finite-element discretization and Monte Carlo simulation

Cerebral cortical encephalitis in MOGAD.

Cerebral Cortical Encephalitis in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody‐Associated Disease

and Monte Carlo simulation nanocomposites by finite-element discretization Estimation of the physical properties of

Cerebral enhancement in MOG antibody-associated disease