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P. K. Gupta

Bio: P. K. Gupta is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Ion exchange & Ionic bonding. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 3 citations.

Papers
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TL;DR: When soda-lime-silica glass is heated in contact with zinc chloride and lead nitrate, it is observed that ZnZ+ and PbZ+ ions are introduced in surface layers of the glass (up to 101-') and average ZnO content up to 41-' from the surface is as high as 5.5 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: When soda-lime-silica glass is heated in contact with zinc chloride and lead nitrate melts around strain point of the glass, it is observed that ZnZ+ and PbZ+ ions are introduced in surface layers of the glass (up to 101-'). Average ZnO content up to 41-' from the surface is as high as 5.5 . Depletion of Ca 2+ ions is also observed. The phenomenon of bivalent ion exchange in glass is ascribed to the higher ionic field strengths of ZnZ+ and Pb2+ in comparison to CaZ+, SEM studies of the thermo-chemically treated samples also reveal compositional changes in the surface layers whereas X-ray diffraction patterns do not indicate the presence of any crystalline phase. © 1983 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

4 citations


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TL;DR: In this paper, the ion exchange mechanism between copper and alkali ions, when 20R2O · 10Al2O3· 70SiO2 (R = Li, Na, and K) glasses are immersed in divalent copper-containing molten salts in air and nitrogen at 550°C, was investigated.
Abstract: The ion-exchange mechanism between copper and alkali ions, when 20R2O · 10Al2O3· 70SiO2 (R = Li, Na, and K) glasses are immersed in divalent copper-containing molten salts in air and nitrogen at 550°C, has been investigated. In molten CuCl2, the ion-exchange behavior in both air and nitrogen was very close to that in molten CuCl in air reported previously. This is explained by assuming that CuCl2 decomposes into CuCl and Cl2 at 550°C and the Cu+ ions thus formed mainly diffuse in glasses to replace alkali ions, where Cl2 acts as an oxidizing agent just like oxygen. In the case of molten CuSO4─2SO4, a small amount of Cu+ which is present in the molten state plays a primary role in the Cu ⇌ R+ ion exchange process, although the contribution of direct Cu2+⇌ 2R+ ion exchange cannot be ignored.

14 citations

Dissertation
16 Nov 2015
TL;DR: In this article, a procedure d’echange ionique au potassium permet dameliorer the resistance mecanique des verres grâce a substitution des ions Na⁺ par des ions Kα, de plus gros rayon ionique.
Abstract: Le nouvel essor industriel du marche des applications mobiles telles que les smartphones ou les tablettes tactiles necessite de nombreuses recherches afin de concevoir des ecrans en verres encore plus resistant. Le procede d’echange ionique au potassium permet d’ameliorer la resistance mecanique des verres grâce a la substitution des ions Na⁺ par des ions K⁺, de plus gros rayon ionique. Elle permet ainsi de bloquer les fissures superficielles du verre et de reduire la casse du materiau. Ce travail est consacre a comprendre le principe de diffusion des ions K⁺ au sein de la structure silicatee de differents verres. Les parametres, temps, temperature et composition verriere, influent sur la cinetique de l’echange ionique. Dans les memes conditions de trempe, la reduction de la composition a un formateur et a l’ion mobile permet d’ameliorer la diffusion et la propagation des ions au sein du materiau. Les conditions de trempe, thermique et temporelle, agissent sur la cinetique de diffusion des ions. Elles reduisent la facilite de deplacement des ions a travers la structure silicate du materiau avec un changement de comportement au-dela de 8h d’immersion dans les sels fondus. La substitution des Na⁺ par les ions K⁺ et leur difference de taille modifient l’environnement des sites laisses vacants par les ions Na⁺ et modifie la structure silicatee du verre. La spectroscopie IR permet de mettre en evidence les modifications structurales des verres soumis a ce procede d’echange ionique. Lors de l’introduction des ions K⁺, la structure du verre se depolymerise et cree des oxygenes non pontants. Ceci permet de montrer que l’echange ionique conduit a l’amelioration du renforcement mecanique des verres.

5 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
25 Mar 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, chemical analysis of most important water quality parameters were carried out and water samples were taken from 18 villages around Zakho district, Kurdistan region, Iraq in annual seasons of 2018 year.
Abstract: Drinking water samples were taken from 18 villages around Zakho district, Kurdistan region, Iraq in annual seasons of 2018 year and chemical analysis of most important water quality parameters were carried out. Water temperature is varied about 13.2°C to 18.7°C, four villages have slight acidic water while other 15 locations are tend to be slight alkaline and highest pH value reaches 8.4, electrical conductivity (µs/cm) is over the permissible values of standard drinking water in two villages and high in 4 location while normal in the rest 13 locations, statistical analysis of dissolved oxygen ranges between 6.73 - 8.40 mg/l, statistical analysis of total hardness revealed that the all villages around Zakho district have hard to intensive hard water over 500 mg/l and gives them a slight bitter taste, calcium hardness gives extremely ranges between 72-392 mg/l, and Mg hardness between 39-250 mg/l, statistical analysis of chloride shows is around 250 mg/l which is typical standard for drinking water, SO4 is low and their means located between 18-58 mg/l and NO3 not exceeded 5 mg/l along year months reflecting their purity from pollution. The content of heavy metals Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Ag, Ni, Cr, Co, are below maximum permissible WHO guidelines and save for drinking while lead is over WHO permissible levels in this rank Mala> Jajoe >Easlam> Bntate> Banee villages and considered a dangerous indicators for drinking water quality in these villages.

4 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the physical process of adsorption through the Cole-Cole diagram and chemical kinetic analysis was analyzed and compared in order to make a very effective comparison between the two techniques.