P.K. Mishra

Bio: P.K. Mishra is an academic researcher from Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi. The author has contributed to research in topics: Cellulase & Medicine. The author has an hindex of 5, co-authored 22 publications receiving 145 citations.

Application of TiO2 Nanoparticle in Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants

Abstract: Heavy industrialization, specifically in the developing countries, has generated several unwanted environmental pollution. A variety of toxic organic compounds is produced in chemical and petroleum industries, which have resulted in collectively hazardous effects on the environment that needs immediate attention for remediation. Degradation of these pollutants has been tried through the various mechanism, out of which photocatalytic degradation seems to be one of the most promising approaches to reduce environmental pollution specifically in waste water treatment. Photocatalytic degradation has potential for the effective decomposition of organic pollutants due to efficiency to convert light energy into chemical energy. Additionally, the photocatalytic oxidation process is an advanced technique as it offers high degradation and effective mineralization at moderate temperature and specific radiation wavelength. Among various known photocatalysts, TiO2 is regarded as the one of the potential photocatalysts because of its hydrophilic property, high reactivity, reduced toxicity, chemical stability and lower costs. Therefore, the present chapter focuses on the role of TiO2 as the photocatalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants. The general mechanism of degradation of organic pollutants along with properties of TiO2 as the photocatalyst, existing mechanism of degradation via TiO2 was explained. The possible approaches to enhance degradation via TiO2 nanoparticle along with existing bottlenecks have been also discussed.

Nanotechnology in Bioethanol/Biobutanol Production

Abstract: Biofuels will become competitive globally only when they can be delinked from food crops. All non-food feeds for bio-alcohols (bioethanol/biobutanol) production have the inherent difficulty of conversion from cellulose to simpler sugars that can be fermented into end products. The process currently being used to convert complex cellulosic feedstocks into sugars is costly; hence, the biofuels obtained through these routes are not economical. Enormous efforts are currently being made worldwide to convert second- and third-generation feedstocks into bioethanol/biobutanol, and several prominent global energy-producing companies are investing large sums of money to realize this dream. The complexity and cost of different stages of bio-alcohols production can be minimized with the application of different nanoparticles. A three-pronged approach is required to comprehend the economic production of bioethanol which begins with technology for better crop production, improved feedstock processing, and development of new biofuels such as biobutanol and renewable hydrocarbons. Various kinds of nanoparticles such as iron oxide, nickel cobaltite, zinc oxide and different nanocomposites, etc. have been used for production of biofuels. The present chapter deals with the present status on the application of nanoparticles in different stages of bio-alcohols (bioethanol/biobutanol) production. Involvement of these nanomaterials in different bioconversion processes provides a sustainable way by reducing the raw biomass processing as well as production costs and lowering down the harmful environmental impacts.

The role of pretreatment in improving the enzymatic hydrolysis

Abstract: Lignocellulosic materials are among the most promising alternative energy resources that can be utilized to produce cellulosic ethanol. However, the physical and chemical structure of lignocellulosic materials forms strong native recalcitrance and results in relatively low yield of ethanol from raw lignocellulosic materials. An appropriate pretreatment method is required to overcome this recalcitrance. For decades various pretreatment processes have been developed to improve the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. Each pretreatment process has a different specificity on altering the physical and chemical structure of lignocellulosic materials. In this paper, the chemical structure of lignocellulosic biomass and factors likely affect the digestibility of lignocellulosic materials are discussed, and then an overview about the most important pretreatment processes available are provided. In particular, the combined pretreatment strategies are reviewed for improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose and realizing the comprehensive utilization of lignocellulosic materials.

Biosensors applications in medical field: A brief review

Abstract: Research sciences and medical societies have recently shifted into using cost-effective biosensors to test food & water contaminants, control human biologic processes, assess precise health diagnosis, and more. Researchers and medical practitioners need safe and cheaper means of performing their research, ensuring public safety, and delivering customised health options to patients. One such solution can be easily carried out by using biosensors. In the new medical field, biomedical studies of diagnosis are of growing significance. Biosensors' applications are for screening infectious to early detection, chronic disease treatment, health management, and well-being surveillance. Improved biosensors technology qualities allow the ability to detect disease and track the body's response to care. Sensor technology is integral to numerous, low-cost, and improved-form factors feasible in modern medical devices. Biosensors have good potential, as it is easy, scalable and effective in manufacturing processes. This paper discusses biosensors and their significant benefits in the medical field. Distinctive capabilities of biosensors in healthcare services and for cardiovascular disease are provided and shown diagrammatically. The paper also discusses various diagnostic biosensors for cardiovascular diseases and provides novel aspects of biosensors for clinical and allied services. Thereby paper provides significant advancements in biosensors in the medical field. Finally, fourteen major applications of biosensors in the medical field are identified and discussed. Biosensors' intelligent wearable properties now allow older people to control their health with lesser interference, and it directly exchanges their medical-related information with healthcare providers, thereby reducing hospital visits. Thus, biosensors have countless prospects for consumer and commercial uses in wellness, fitness, athletics, etc. Linked biomedical devices, apps, firmware, and sophisticated algorithms will do a lot, including allowing major new medical therapies and informing users about health reform, providing solutions and advice informed by real-time evidence.