The statistical approach

The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is a novel class of Internet of Things (IoT), and is defined as the network of smart interconnected underwater objects. IoUT is expected to enable various practical applications, such as environmental monitoring, underwater exploration, and disaster prevention. With these applications, IoUT is regarded as one of the potential technologies toward developing smart cities. To support the concept of IoUT, Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have emerged as a promising network system. UWSNs are different from the traditional Territorial Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSNs), and have several unique properties, such as long propagation delay, narrow bandwidth, and low reliability. These unique properties would be great challenges for IoUT. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive study of IoUT, and the main contributions of this paper are threefold: (1) we introduce and classify the practical underwater applications that can highlight the importance of IoUT; (2) we point out the differences between UWSNs and traditional TWSNs, and these differences are the main challenges for IoUT; and (3) we investigate and evaluate the channel models, which are the technical core for designing reliable communication protocols on IoUT.

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/145904/1/6e62f04f95711ec31f1c7143d47fd8cd.pdf

A Comprehensive Study on the Internet of Underwater Things: Applications, Challenges, and Channel Models

Recent advancements in wireless technology have created an exponential rise in the number of connected devices leading to the internet of things (IoT) revolution. Large amounts of data are captured, processed and transmitted through the network by these embedded devices. Security of the transmitted data is a major area of concern in IoT networks. Numerous encryption algorithms have been proposed in these years to ensure security of transmitted data through the IoT network. Tiny encryption algorithm (TEA) is the most attractive among all, with its lower memory utilization and ease of implementation on both hardware and software scales. But one of the major issues of TEA and its numerous developed versions is the usage of the same key through all rounds of encryption, which yields a reduced security evident from the avalanche effect of the algorithm. Also, the encryption and decryption time for text is high, leading to lower efficiency in IoT networks with embedded devices. This paper proposes a novel tiny symmetric encryption algorithm (NTSA) which provides enhanced security for the transfer of text files through the IoT network by introducing additional key confusions dynamically for each round of encryption. Experiments are carried out to analyze the avalanche effect, encryption and decryption time of NTSA in an IoT network including embedded devices. The results show that the proposed NTSA algorithm is much more secure and efficient compared to state-of-the-art existing encryption algorithms.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/2/293/pdf

A Secure and Efficient Lightweight Symmetric Encryption Scheme for Transfer of Text Files between Embedded IoT Devices

From the view of routing protocols in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs), the presence of communication void, where the packet cannot be forwarded further using the greedy mode, is perhaps the most challenging issue. In this paper, we review the state of the art of void-handling techniques proposed by underwater geographic greedy routing protocols. To this, we first review the void problem and its negative impact on the category of the geographic greedy routing protocols, which does not entail any void recovery technique. It is followed by a discussion about the constraints, challenges, and features associated with the design of void-handling techniques in UWSNs. Afterward, currently available void-handling techniques in UWSNs are classified and investigated. They can be classified into two main categories: 1) location-based and 2) depth-based techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique along with the recent advances are then presented. Finally, we present a qualitative comparison of these techniques and also discuss some possible future directions.

/pdf/void-handling-techniques-for-routing-protocols-in-underwater-i7qjv6l60r.pdf

Void-Handling Techniques for Routing Protocols in Underwater Sensor Networks: Survey and Challenges

Cloud computing is the requirement based on clients and provides many resources that aim to share it as a service through the internet. For optimal use, Cloud computing resources such as storage, application, and other services need managing and scheduling these services. The principal idea behind the scheduling is to minimize loss time, workload, and maximize throughput. So, the scheduling task is essential to achieve accuracy and correctness on task completion. This paper gives an idea about various task scheduling algorithms in the cloud computing environment used by researchers. Finally, many authors applied different parameters like completion time, throughput, and cost to evaluate the system.

https://turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/download/612/413

Task Scheduling Algorithms in Cloud Computing: A Review

Nature inspired chaotic squirrel search algorithm (CSSA) for multi objective task scheduling in an IAAS cloud computing atmosphere

The usage of the data mining (DM) technique has rapidly increased in the recent era. Most organizations utilize DM for forecasting their goals and for predicting various possibilities of solutions to their problems. DM provides various favors to our society; it also has some downsides like a risk to privacy and data security in collaborative mining. Privacy cracks occur eventually in the communication of data and aggregation of data. In the recent era, various approaches and methods for data privacy were obtained to achieve privacy of individual’s data and collaborative DM results, but yield into loss of information and undesirable effect on the utility of data; as a result, DM success is downgraded. In this paper, we proposed an effectual approach—Fisher–Yates shuffle algorithm for privacy-preserving (PP) association rule mining (ARM). With our approach, medical supervision can steadily discover a global verdict model through their local verdict models without the aid of cloud, and the perceptive medical data of each medical supervision is well protected. Hence, association among some delicate diseases like coronavirus and its symptoms, treatment, and remedy helps in foreseeing the disease in the beginning time. Our target is to conclude association rules in a dispersed environment with reasonably reduced communication time and computation costs, preserves the privacy of participants, and gives precise results. 

Ensuring Privacy of Data and Mined Results of Data Possessor in Collaborative ARM

Protection of data privacy from vulnerability using two-fish technique with Apriori algorithm in data mining

Underwater wireless sensor networks have received increased attention in recent years due to its numerous applications in oil spills detection, ocean exploration, submarine detection and disaster avoidance. All these applications make use of a number of sensor nodes deployed in different depths in the ocean for data collection and communication. Efficient communication in the network of sensor nodes requires a dynamic routing approach. Most of the routing protocols proposed for traditional sensor networks cannot be used for underwater sensor networks due to its unique characteristics such as dynamic topology, limited bandwidth, high energy utilization and increased latency. Considering these unique features, efficient routing protocols are exclusively designed for underwater sensor networks. The latest opportunistic routing protocols proposed for underwater sensor network guarantees very high Quality of Service to all the applications. This research paper presents a survey and comparison of all the latest opportunistic routing protocols that has been designed for underwater sensor networks. We then discuss the issues and challenges with each of these opportunistic protocols with future research directions.

Comparative analysis of opportunistic routing protocols for underwater acoustic sensor networks

An efficient approach to the map-reduce framework and genetic algorithm based whale optimization algorithm for task scheduling in cloud computing environment

P M Joe Prathap

Papers

Nature inspired chaotic squirrel search algorithm (CSSA) for multi objective task scheduling in an IAAS cloud computing atmosphere

Ensuring Privacy of Data and Mined Results of Data Possessor in Collaborative ARM

Protection of data privacy from vulnerability using two-fish technique with Apriori algorithm in data mining

Comparative analysis of opportunistic routing protocols for underwater acoustic sensor networks

An efficient approach to the map-reduce framework and genetic algorithm based whale optimization algorithm for task scheduling in cloud computing environment