介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY: The Biochemical Behavior of LeadL I. Influence of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D on Lead in Blood and Bone

We have assembled extensive information on the cradle-to-gate environmental burdens of 63 metals in their major use forms, and illustrated the interconnectedness of metal production systems. Related cumulative energy use, global warming potential, human health implications and ecosystem damage are estimated by metal life cycle stage (i.e., mining, purification, and refining). For some elements, these are the first life cycle estimates of environmental impacts reported in the literature. We show that, if compared on a per kilogram basis, the platinum group metals and gold display the highest environmental burdens, while many of the major industrial metals (e.g., iron, manganese, titanium) are found at the lower end of the environmental impacts scale. If compared on the basis of their global annual production in 2008, iron and aluminum display the largest impacts, and thallium and tellurium the lowest. With the exception of a few metals, environmental impacts of the majority of elements are dominated by the purification and refining stages in which metals are transformed from a concentrate into their metallic form. Out of the 63 metals investigated, 42 metals are obtained as co-products in multi output processes. We test the sensitivity of varying allocation rationales, in which the environmental burden are allocated to the various metal and mineral products, on the overall results. Monte-Carlo simulation is applied to further investigate the stability of our results. This analysis is the most comprehensive life cycle comparison of metals to date and allows for the first time a complete bottom-up estimate of life cycle impacts of the metals and mining sector globally. We estimate global direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions in 2008 at 3.4 Gt CO2-eq per year and primary energy use at 49 EJ per year (9.5% of global use), and report the shares for all metals to both impact categories.

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Life Cycle Assessment of Metals: A Scientific Synthesis

Preface Contents Special Topics 1. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1.1 Poisons 1.2 Environmental Toxicology 1.3 Environmental Chemistry 1.4 Toxicity 1.5 Intoxication 1.5.1 Humans 1.5.2 Domestic Animals 1.5.3 Wildlife 1.5.4 Plants and Microorganisms 1.5.5 Ecosystems 1.6 Hazard and Risk 1.7 Major Toxic Hazards 1.8 Perspecive 1.9 References Special Topic 1: Ecotoxicology 2. Chemicals in the Environment 2.1 Chemicals in the Environment 2.2 Detection and Measurement 2.3 The Atmosphere 2.3.1 The Natural Atmosphere 2.3.2 Polluted Atmospheres 2.3.3 Indoor Air 2.4 Water 2.4.1 Natural Waters 2.4.2 Polluted Waters 2.5 Soils 2.5.1 Soil Composition 2.5.2 Toxic Waste 2.5.3 Pesticides 2.6 Biota 2.6.1 Toxic Organisms 2.6.2 Food 2.7 Chemicals in Everyday Life 2.8 References Special Topic 2: Pesticide Residues 3. Environmental Chemodynamics 3.1 Environmental Chemodynamics 3.2 Dissolution 3.3 Solvent Partitioning 3.4 Volitilization 3.5 Adsorption 3.6 Significance 3.7 References Special Topic 3: The Great Escape 4. Environmental Transport 4.1 Dissipation of Chemicals 4.2 Transport In and From Surface Water 4.2.1 Transport in solution 4.2.2 Transport between water and air 4.2.3 Transport on particles 4.3 Transport in Soil and Groundwater 4.3.1 Transport through soil 4.3.2 Transport in groundwater 4.4 Atmospheric Transport 4.4.1 Volatilization 4.4.2 Advection 4.4.3 Deposition 4.5 Commerical Conveyance 4.6 Global Transport 4.7 References Special Topic 4: Wind, Water, and Waves 5. Abiotic Transformations 5.1 Transformations 5.2 Photochemistry 5.2.1 Radiant energy 5.2.2 Photochemical recations 5.2.3 Solar energy 5.3 Oxidation 5.3.1 Radical oxidations 5.3.2 Atmospheric oxidants 5.3.3 Photochemical smog 5.3.4 Oxidations in water 5.3.5 Oxidations in soil 5.4 Reduction 5.4.1 Redox potentials 5.4.2 Reductions in soil 5.4.3 Reductions in water 5.5 Hydrolysis 5.5.1 Water 5.5.2 Hydrolysis in water 5.5.3 Hydrolysis in soil 5.6 Some Other Reactions 5.6.1 Alkylation 5.6.2 Beta-elimination 5.6.3 Chlorination 5.7 Summary of Abiotic Reactions 5.8 References Special Topic 5: Free Radicals and the Ozone Layer 6. Biotransformations 6.1 Biotransformations 6.2 Transformations by Microorganisms 6.2.1 Microorganisms 6.2.2 Oxidation 6.2.3 Cytochrome P450 6.2.4 Reduction 6.2.5 Hydrolysis 6.2.6 Other transformations 6.3 Transformations in Animals and Higher Plants 6.3.1 Primary (Phase I) metabolism 6.3.2 Secondary (Phase II) metabolism 6.4 Comparative Metabolism 6.5 References Special Topic 6: Anatomy of an Oil Spill 7. Intoxication 7.1 The Intoxication Process 7.2 Absorption and Disposition 7.2.1 Absorption 7.2.2 Disposition 7.2.3 Elimination 7.3 Factors Governing Intoxication 7.3.1 Metabolism (Biodegradation) 7.3.2 Bioavailability 7.3.3 Individual and species differences 7.3.4 Other factors 7.4 Toxic Effects 7.4.1 "Poisoning" 7.4.2 The nervous system 7.4.3 The skin 7.4.4 The respiratory system 7.4.5 Blood and internal organs 7.4.6 The reproductive system 7.4.7 Genes 7.5 References Special Topic 7: Adaption 8. Quantitative Toxicology 8.1 Dose-Response Relations 8.2 Factors Affecting Quantitative Responses 8.3 Toxicokinetics 8.4 Toxicity Measurements and Endpoints 8.4.1 Measurements 8.4.2 Acute toxicity 8.4.3 Life-cycle tests 8.4.4 Other bioassays 8.4.5 Mutagenicity tests 8.4.6 Phytotoxicity 8.4.7 Toxiciy tests for pesticide registration 8.4.8 Ethics and alternatives 8.5 Data from Humans 8.5.1 Toxicity tests 8.5.2 Mortality statistics 8.5.3 Exposure data 8.5.4 Epidemiology 8.6 References Special Topic 8: Epidemiology 9. Intoxication Mechanisms 9.1 The Biochemical Lesion 9.2 Receptors and Targets 9.3 Mechanisms of General Toxicity 9.4 Animal-specific Mechanisms 9.4.1 Nervous system 9.4.2 Liver 9.4.3 Intermediary metabolism 9.5 Plant-specific Mechanisms 9.5.1 Photosynthesis 9.5.2 Amino Acid biosynthesis 9.6 Microbe-specific Mechanisms 9.6.1 Cell wall synthesis 9.6.2 Sulfhydryl groups 9.7 Perspective 9.8 References Special Topic 9: Chemical Carcinogens 10. Exposure and Risk 10.1 Hazard and Risk 10.2 Exposure 10.3 Risk Assessments 10.3.1 Occupational exposure 10.3.2 Exposure at home 10.3.3 Risk characterization 10.4 Ecological Risk 10.4.1 Toxicity data 10.4.2 Scaling 10.4.3 Ecosystem risk 10.5 Risk management 10.5.1 Regulations 10.5.2 Risk communication 10.6 References Special Topic 10: PBPK Models 11. Inorganic Toxicants 11.1 Inorganic Toxicants 11.2 Some Basic Chemistry 11.3 Nonmetallic Elements 11.4 The Metalloids 11.4.1 Metalloids 11.4.2 Arsenic 11.4.3 Selenium 11.4.4 Tin 11.5 Heavy Elements 11.5.1 The heavy metals 11.5.2 Mercury 11.5.3 Lead 11.5.4 Thallium and bismuth 11.6 Transition Elements 11.6.1 Transition metals 11.6.2 Copper 11.6 3 Other transition elements 11.7 Radioactive elements 11.8 Other Toxic Elements 11.9 References Special Topic 11: Methylation of Metals and Metalloids 12. Biotoxins 12.1 Biotoxins 12.2 Alkaloids 12.3 Toxic Glycosides 12.4 Plant Phenolics 12.5 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 12.6 Lactone Mycotoxins 12.7 Perspective 12.8 References Special Topic 12: Allelochemicals 13. Industrial Chemicals 13.1 Industrial Chemicals 13.1.1 Minerals 13.1.2 Petroleum 13.2 Petrochemicals 13.2.1 Sources 13.2.2 Major petrochemicals 13.3 Toxic Byproducts and Conversion Products 13.3.1 Origin 13.3.2 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 13.3.3 Hex waste 13.3.4 Chlorinated dioxins 13.4 References Special Topic 13: Why Chlorinate? 14. Refractory Pollutants 14.1 Refractory Chemicals 14.2 DDT and DDE 14.2.1 Background 14.2.2 Toxicity 14.2.3 Transport and transformation 14.2.4 DDE 14.3 Chlorinated Alicyclics 14.3.1 Benzene hexachloride (BHC) 14.3.2 Cyclodienes 14.3.3 Other organochlorine insecticides 14.4 Chlorinated Dioxins 14.5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 14.6 Phthalate Esters 14.7 Perspective 14.8 References Special Topic 14: Environmental Persistence 15. Reactive Pollutants 15.1 Reactivity 15.2 Alkyl Halides 15.3 Chlorophenols 15.4 Divalent Sulfur Compounds 15.5 Dithioarbamates 15.6 Nitroarenes 15.7 Amines and Their Derivatives 15.8 Esters 15.9 Carbon Monoxide and Cyanides 15.10 Perspective 15.11 References Special Topic 15: Hazardous Waste 16. Predicting Environmental Fate and Toxicity 16.1 Quantitative Prediction 16.2 Predicting Environmental Transport 16.2.1 Linear free energy relations 16.2.2 Octanol-water partition coefficients 16.2.3 Bioconcentration factors 16.2.4 Aqueous solubility 16.2.5 Volatilization 16.2.6 Soil sorption coefficients 16.3 Predicting Environmental Transformations 16.3.1 Reactions and products 16.3.2 Equilibria and rates 16.4 Modelling Environmental Fate 16.5 Quantitative Structure-activity Relations (QSAR) 16.6 Microcosms (Model Ecosystems) 16.7 References Special Topic 16: QSAR and Toxicity GLOSSARY INDEX

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

Interest in strontium (Sr) has persisted over the last three decades due to its unique mechanism of action: it simultaneously promotes osteoblast function and inhibits osteoclast function. While this mechanism of action is strongly supported by in vitro studies and small animal trials, recent large-scale clinical trials have demonstrated that orally administered strontium ranelate (SrRan) may have no anabolic effect on bone formation in humans. Yet, there is a strong correlation between Sr accumulation in bone and reduced fracture risk in post-menopausal women, suggesting Sr acts via a purely physiochemical mechanism to enhance bone strength. Conversely, the local administration of Sr with the use of modified biomaterials has been shown to enhance bone growth, osseointegration and bone healing at the bone-implant interface, to a greater degree than Sr-free materials. This review summarizes current knowledge of the main cellular and physiochemical mechanisms that underly Sr's effect in bone, which center around Sr's similarity to calcium (Ca). We will also summarize the main controversies in Sr research which cast doubt on the 'dual-acting mechanism'. Lastly, we will explore the effects of Sr-modified bone-implant materials both in vitro and in vivo, examining whether Sr may act via an alternate mechanism when administered locally.

P. Watts

Papers

Strontium and strontium compounds