Author
Paola G. Vinueza Naranjo
Bio: Paola G. Vinueza Naranjo is an academic researcher from Sapienza University of Rome. The author has contributed to research in topics: The Internet & Smart city. The author has an hindex of 12, co-authored 18 publications receiving 888 citations.
Papers
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TL;DR: It is pointed out that the integration of the FC and IoE paradigms may give rise to opportunities for new applications in the realms of the IoE, Smart City, Industry 4.0, and Big Data Streaming while introducing new open issues.
Abstract: Fog computing (FC) and Internet of Everything (IoE) are two emerging technological paradigms that, to date, have been considered standing-alone. However, because of their complementary features, we expect that their integration can foster a number of computing and network-intensive pervasive applications under the incoming realm of the future Internet. Motivated by this consideration, the goal of this position paper is fivefold. First, we review the technological attributes and platforms proposed in the current literature for the standing-alone FC and IoE paradigms. Second, by leveraging some use cases as illustrative examples, we point out that the integration of the FC and IoE paradigms may give rise to opportunities for new applications in the realms of the IoE, Smart City, Industry 4.0, and Big Data Streaming, while introducing new open issues. Third, we propose a novel technological paradigm, the Fog of Everything (FoE) paradigm, that integrates FC and IoE and then we detail the main building blocks and services of the corresponding technological platform and protocol stack. Fourth, as a proof-of-concept, we present the simulated energy-delay performance of a small-scale FoE prototype, namely, the V-FoE prototype. Afterward, we compare the obtained performance with the corresponding one of a benchmark technological platform, e.g., the V-D2D one. It exploits only device-to-device links to establish inter-thing “ad hoc” communication. Last, we point out the position of the proposed FoE paradigm over a spectrum of seemingly related recent research projects.
267 citations
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TL;DR: A modified Stable Election Protocol (SEP), named Prolong-SEP (P- SEP) is presented to prolong the stable period of Fog-supported sensor networks by maintaining balanced energy consumption.
Abstract: Energy efficiency is one of the main issues that will drive the design of fog-supported wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Indeed, the behavior of such networks becomes very unstable in node's heterogeneity and/or node's failure. In WSNs, clusters are dynamically built up by neighbor nodes, to save energy and prolong the network lifetime. One of the nodes plays the role of Cluster Head (CH) that is responsible for transferring data among the neighboring sensors. Due to pervasive use of WSNs, finding an energy-efficient policy to opt CHs in the WSNs has become increasingly important. Due to this motivations, in this paper, a modified Stable Election Protocol (SEP), named Prolong-SEP (P-SEP) is presented to prolong the stable period of Fog-supported sensor networks by maintaining balanced energy consumption. P-SEP enables uniform nodes distribution, new CH selecting policy, and prolong the time interval of the system, especially before the failure of the first node. P-SEP considers two-level nodes' heterogeneities: advanced and normal nodes. In P-SEP, the advanced and normal nodes have the opportunity to become CHs. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated by varying the various parameters of the network in comparison with other state-of-the-art cluster-based routing protocols. The simulation results point out that, by varying the initial energy and node heterogeneity parameters, the network lifetime of P-SEP improved by 31, 29, 20 and 40 % in comparison with SEP, Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy with Deterministic Cluster-Head Selection (LEACH-DCHS), Modified SEP (M-SEP) and an efficient modified SEP (EM-SEP), respectively.
243 citations
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TL;DR: A Fog-supported smart city network architecture called Fog Computing Architecture Network (FOCAN), a multi-tier structure in which the applications running on things jointly compute, route, and communicate with one another through the smart city environment to decrease latency and improve energy provisioning and the efficiency of services among things with different capabilities.
157 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-tier architecture called Fog Computing Architecture Network (FOCAN) is proposed to reduce the latency and energy consumption of Internet of Everything (IoE) devices running various applications.
Abstract: Smart city vision brings emerging heterogeneous communication technologies such as Fog Computing (FC) together to substantially reduce the latency and energy consumption of Internet of Everything (IoE) devices running various applications. The key feature that distinguishes the FC paradigm for smart cities is that it spreads communication and computing resources over the wired/wireless access network (e.g., proximate access points and base stations) to provide resource augmentation (e.g., cyberforaging) for resource and energy-limited wired/wireless (possibly mobile) things. Moreover, smart city applications are developed with the goal of improving the management of urban flows and allowing real-time responses to challenges that can arise in users' transactional relationships. This article presents a Fog-supported smart city network architecture called Fog Computing Architecture Network (FOCAN), a multi-tier structure in which the applications running on things jointly compute, route, and communicate with one another through the smart city environment to decrease latency and improve energy provisioning and the efficiency of services among things with different capabilities. An important concern that arises with the introduction of FOCAN is the need to avoid transferring data to/from distant things and instead to cover the nearest region for an IoT application. We define three types of communications between FOCAN devices (e.g., interprimary, primary, and secondary communication) to manage applications in a way that meets the quality of service standards for the IoE. One of the main advantages of FOCAN is that the devices can provide the services with low energy usage and in an efficient manner. Simulation results for a selected case study demonstrate the tremendous impact of the FOCAN energy-efficient solution on the communication performance of various types of things in smart cities.
123 citations
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TL;DR: A CoNtainer-based virtualized networked computing architecture that operates at the Middleware layer and exploits the native capability of the Container Engines, so as to allow the dynamic real-time scaling of the available computing-plus-networking virtualized resources.
Abstract: With the incoming 5G access networks, it is forecasted that Fog computing (FC) and Internet of Things (IoT) will converge onto the Fog-of-IoT paradigm. Since the FC paradigm spreads, by design, networking and computing resources over the wireless access network, it would enable the support of computing-intensive and delay-sensitive streaming applications under the energy-limited wireless IoT realm. Motivated by this consideration, the goal of this paper is threefold. First, it provides a motivating study the main “killer” application areas envisioned for the considered Fog-of-IoT paradigm. Second, it presents the design of a CoNtainer-based virtualized networked computing architecture. The proposed architecture operates at the Middleware layer and exploits the native capability of the Container Engines, so as to allow the dynamic real-time scaling of the available computing-plus-networking virtualized resources. Third, the paper presents a low-complexity penalty-aware bin packing-type heuristic for the dynamic management of the resulting virtualized computing-plus-networking resources. The proposed heuristic pursues the joint minimization of the networking-plus-computing energy by adaptively scaling up/down the processing speeds of the virtual processors and transport throughputs of the instantiated TCP/IP virtual connections, while guaranteeing hard (i.e., deterministic) upper bounds on the per-task computing-plus-networking delays. Finally, the actual energy performance-versus-implementation complexity trade-off of the proposed resource manager is numerically tested under both wireless static and mobile Fog-of-IoT scenarios and comparisons against the corresponding performances of some state-of-the-art benchmark resource managers and device-to-device edge computing platforms are also carried out.
61 citations
Cited by
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore how rising technologies from Industry 4.0 can be integrated with circular economy (CE) practices to establish a business model that reuses and recycles wasted material such as scrap metal or e-waste.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore how rising technologies from Industry 4.0 can be integrated with circular economy (CE) practices to establish a business model that reuses and recycles wasted material such as scrap metal or e-waste.,The qualitative research method was deployed in three stages. Stage 1 was a literature review of concepts, successful factors and barriers related to the transition towards a CE along with sustainable supply chain management, smart production systems and additive manufacturing (AM). Stage 2 comprised a conceptual framework to integrate and evaluate the synergistic potential among these concepts. Finally, stage 3 validated the proposed model by collecting rich qualitative data based on semi-structured interviews with managers, researchers and professors of operations management to gather insightful and relevant information.,The outcome of the study is the recommendation of a circular model to reuse scrap electronic devices, integrating web technologies, reverse logistics and AM to support CE practices. Results suggest a positive influence from improving business sustainability by reinserting waste into the supply chain to manufacture products on demand.,The impact of reusing wasted materials to manufacture new products is relevant to minimising resource consumption and negative environmental impacts. Furthermore, it avoids hazardous materials ending up in landfills or in the oceans, seriously threatening life in ecosystems. In addition, reuse of wasted material enables the development of local business networks that generate jobs and improve economic performance.,First, the impact of reusing materials to manufacture new products minimises resource consumption and negative environmental impacts. The circular model also encourages keeping hazardous materials that seriously threaten life in ecosystems out of landfills and oceans. For this study, it was found that most urban waste is plastic and cast iron, leaving room for improvement in increasing recycling of scrap metal and similar materials. Second, the circular business model promotes a culture of reusing and recycling and motivates the development of collection and processing techniques for urban waste through the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies and Industry 4.0. In this way, the involved stakeholders are focused on the technical parts of recycling and can be better dedicated to research, development and innovation because many of the processes will be automated.,The purpose of this study was to explore how Industry 4.0 technologies are integrated with CE practices. This allows for the proposal of a circular business model for recycling waste and delivering new products, significantly reducing resource consumption and optimising natural resources. In a first stage, the circular business model can be used to recycle electronic scrap, with the proposed integration of web technologies, reverse logistics and AM as a technological platform to support the model. These have several environmental, sociotechnical and economic implications for society.,The sociotechnical aspects are directly impacted by the circular smart production system (CSPS) management model, since it creates a new culture of reuse and recycling techniques for urban waste using 3D printing technologies, as well as Industry 4.0 concepts to increase production on demand and automate manufacturing processes. The tendency of the CSPS model is to contribute to deployment CE in the manufacture of new products or parts with AM approaches, generating a new path of supply and demand for society.
467 citations
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TL;DR: Extensive simulations and analysis show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework, in which the blockchain structure performs better in term of key transfer time than the structure with a central manager, while the dynamic scheme allows SMs to flexibly fit various traffic levels.
Abstract: As modern vehicle and communication technologies advanced apace, people begin to believe that the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) would be achievable in one decade. ITS introduces information technology to the transportation infrastructures and aims to improve road safety and traffic efficiency. However, security is still a main concern in vehicular communication systems (VCSs). This can be addressed through secured group broadcast. Therefore, secure key management schemes are considered as a critical technique for network security. In this paper, we propose a framework for providing secure key management within the heterogeneous network. The security managers (SMs) play a key role in the framework by capturing the vehicle departure information, encapsulating block to transport keys and then executing rekeying to vehicles within the same security domain. The first part of this framework is a novel network topology based on a decentralized blockchain structure. The blockchain concept is proposed to simplify the distributed key management in heterogeneous VCS domains. The second part of the framework uses the dynamic transaction collection period to further reduce the key transfer time during vehicles handover. Extensive simulations and analysis show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework, in which the blockchain structure performs better in term of key transfer time than the structure with a central manager, while the dynamic scheme allows SMs to flexibly fit various traffic levels.
466 citations
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TL;DR: This survey will help the industry and research community synthesize and identify the requirements for Fog computing and present some open issues, which will determine the future research direction for the Fog computing paradigm.
Abstract: Emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) require latency-aware computation for real-time application processing. In IoT environments, connected things generate a huge amount of data, which are generally referred to as big data. Data generated from IoT devices are generally processed in a cloud infrastructure because of the on-demand services and scalability features of the cloud computing paradigm. However, processing IoT application requests on the cloud exclusively is not an efficient solution for some IoT applications, especially time-sensitive ones. To address this issue, Fog computing, which resides in between cloud and IoT devices, was proposed. In general, in the Fog computing environment, IoT devices are connected to Fog devices. These Fog devices are located in close proximity to users and are responsible for intermediate computation and storage. One of the key challenges in running IoT applications in a Fog computing environment are resource allocation and task scheduling. Fog computing research is still in its infancy, and taxonomy-based investigation into the requirements of Fog infrastructure, platform, and applications mapped to current research is still required. This survey will help the industry and research community synthesize and identify the requirements for Fog computing. This paper starts with an overview of Fog computing in which the definition of Fog computing, research trends, and the technical differences between Fog and cloud are reviewed. Then, we investigate numerous proposed Fog computing architectures and describe the components of these architectures in detail. From this, the role of each component will be defined, which will help in the deployment of Fog computing. Next, a taxonomy of Fog computing is proposed by considering the requirements of the Fog computing paradigm. We also discuss existing research works and gaps in resource allocation and scheduling, fault tolerance, simulation tools, and Fog-based microservices. Finally, by addressing the limitations of current research works, we present some open issues, which will determine the future research direction for the Fog computing paradigm.
376 citations
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TL;DR: A technical taxonomy is presented for the IoT applications approaches according to the content of current studies that are selected with SLR process in this study including health care, environmental monitoring, smart city, commercial, industrial and general aspects in IoT applications.
329 citations
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TL;DR: This paper summarizes the growth structure of Industry 4.0 during the last 5 years and provides the concise background overview of Industry 5.0 related works and various application areas.
325 citations