Papu Singh

Bio: Papu Singh is an academic researcher from Banaras Hindu University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Red mud & Diesel fuel. The author has an hindex of 4, co-authored 4 publications receiving 37 citations.

Medicinal values of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Human Life: An Overview

Abstract: Garlic is one of the important bulb crops grown and used as a spice or a condiment throughout India. According to the Unani and Ayurvedic systems as practised in India, garlic is carminative and is a gastric stimulant and thus help in digestion and absorption of food. Allicin present in aquous extract of garlic reduces cholesterol concentration in human blood. Garlic extract has antimicrobial activity against many genera of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Garlic contains a higher concentration of sulfur compounds which are responsible for its medicinal effects. The chemical constituents of garlic have also been investigated for treatment of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, blood pressure, atherosclerosis and hyperlipidaemia and highly praised by several authors. Therefore, this paper is reviewed to inspire and impress the young researchers about the medicinal values of garlic. The inhalation of garlic oil or garlic juice has generally been recommended by doctors in case of pulmonary tuberculosis, rheumatism, sterility, impotency, cough and red eyes. Garlic possesses insecticidal action. About 1% garlic extract gives protection against mosquitoes for 8 hours. Extract of garlic along with chilli and ginger has beneficial action against soil nematodes. Beneficial use of garlic extract has been found against many fungi. Garlic is probably one of the earliest known medicinal plants, which used from ancient time to cure different disease conditions in human. Garlic’s principal medicinal uses are to lower blood pressure and cholesterol, fight infections, and prevent cancer. The main interest of researchers in the medicinal values of garlic is its broad-spectrum therapeutic effect with minimal toxicity. Garlic extract has antimicrobial activity against many genera of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Garlic contains a higher concentration of lavoura compounds which are responsible for its medicinal effects. The active constituents are avoura-containing compounds that are rapidly absorbed and metabolized. Numerous studies suggest that garlic lowers total cholesterol concentrations by approximately 10%, favorably altering HDL/LDL ratios. Literature survey support garlic’s effectiveness as a mild antihypertensive, lowering blood pressure by 5-7%. Garlic inhibits platelet aggregation and enhances fibrinolytic activity, reducing clots on damaged endothelium. Another important use of garlic is as antidiabetic. Garlic controls the blood sugar level by different types of mechanisms. In vitro studies and animal data suggest that garlic may help to prevent some solid tumors. Therefore garlic is also effective in the cancer prevention. There are no studies evaluating its effectiveness in treating children or pregnant or nursing women. The other proposed uses of garlic include the hepatoprotective, antihelmentics, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal and wound healing. Garlic, from crushed to capsules, is consumed throughout the world. The active chemical in garlic is allicin, which is produced when raw garlic is crushed, allowing the enzyme alliinase to act on the stable precursor allin. Garlic’s antidiabetic, antibiotic and perhaps anticancer effects are well accepted in the world over, because of the many scientific literature supporting these effects. Garlic also has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antihelmentic effect. This review paper demonstrated some of the benefits of garlic for its potential uses in preventing and curing different diseases, and acting as antioxidant for many radicals. Fresh and powdered garlic are popular for food flavor and should continue to be used. Today, with the ever-growing resistant organisms, taking of garlic extract remains a powerful antimicrobial agent. Clearly more studies are needed to refine the use and improvement of the efficacy of this important medicinal plant. It is corresponding that substitute medicines practices with plant extracts including garlic as a means of decreasing the burden of diseases would be of public health importance.

Removal of 1-butanethiol from diesel oil by red mud

Abstract: Etude de la possibilite d'utiliser des boues rouges comme adsorbant pour separer le butanethiol-1 du carburant diesel Determination de l'influence des conditions operatoires sur l'efficacite du procede et des parametres cinetiques de l'adsorption

Cyclohexanethiol separation from kerosene oil by red mud

Abstract: The transfer of cyclohexanethiol from kerosene oil to unconventional adsorbent, red mud and the influence of variation in agitation rate, concentration and temperature on separation by adsorption technique has been investigated. The maximum tansportation of sulfur compound from oil containing 730-63 mg dm -3 (0.025% by weight sulfur) of cyclohexanethiol was noted at 45 o C. The adsorption followq first order kinetics and is a diffusion controlled process. The applicability of Langluir isotherm indicates monolayer coverage of sulfur on the outer interface of red mud

Drying Of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) to Minimize Pht Loss - A Review

Abstract: Drying is a critical step in the processing of dehydrated products because of the high energy requirement of the process (due to low thermal efficiency of dryers. Increased consumer awareness of food quality as well as the desire to produce a high quality have emphasized the necessity of optimization. Various methods are employed for drying of garlic which have their merits and demerits. Sun drying is suitable for water content reduced from shelf life of products % (db), wind (velocities km/h) for 120 days with over turning once/twice a day and heaping or covering during night and not suitable for large commercial scale. It is a uncontrolled method, non-uniform drying methods. Convection drying is employed for heat and mass transfer coefficient and to study the moistures transport during microwave-convective drying of garlic cloves. It a mechanical process but not feasible operating cost and initial cost. Dry- ing is an industrial preservation method in which water content and water activity of the fruits and vegetables are decreased by heated air to minimized biological, chemical and microbial deterioration. Drying is a process of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. Mathematical modelling help to of drying process help in understanding the physics of drying. At this moisture level, the chances of insects and molds infes- tation are minimized and thus the commonly can keep well in storage. To obtain the dehydrated product of high quality, the drying process should be such that it allows effective retention of colour appearance, flavour, taste and nutritive value, comparable to fresh vegetables. The technique of drying is probably the oldest method of food preservation practiced by mankind for the extension of food shelf life. The use of artificial drying to preserve agricultural commodities is expanding, creating a need for more rapid drying techniques and methods that reduce the large amount of energy required in drying processes.

A review of the use of red mud as adsorbent for the removal of toxic pollutants from water and wastewater

Abstract: Red mud (an aluminium industry waste) has received wide attention as an effective adsorbent for water pollution control, showing significant adsorption potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants. In this review, an extensive list of red‐mud‐based adsorbents has been compiled and their adsorption capacities (maximum uptake value of the adsorbent for the pollutant or adsorbate being removed) for various aquatic pollutants (metal ions, dyes, phenolic compounds, inorganic anions) are presented. The review provides a summary of recent information obtained using batch studies and deals with the adsorption mechanisms involved. It is evident from the literature survey that red mud has been found to be efficient for the removal of various aquatic pollutants, especially arsenic and phosphate. However, there is still a need to investigate the practical utility of these adsorbents on a commercial scale.

Short Communication - Studies on the antimicrobial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Linn)

Abstract: The antimicrobial effect in vitro of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Linn.) juice were assayed against Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. All the test organisms were susceptible to undiluted lime-juice. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of garlic and ginger singly did not inhibit any of the test organisms. The highest inhibition zone of 19 mm was observed with a combination of extracts on Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella spp were resistant to almost all the extracts except lime.

Removal of sulfur compounds from naphtha solutions using solid adsorbents

Abstract: Two types of solid adsorbents, activated carbon and zeolite 13X, were used at 80°C to remove sulfur compounds from naphtha solutions. Adsorption isotherms have been determined in a pressure vessel. This investigation indicated that activated carbon is superior to zeolite 13X at such high temperatures. A new formula based on the Langmuir model has been found to fit the experimental data satisfactorily. Comparison of the findings of this study with those of a previous one conducted at ambient temperatures in this department indicates that such treatment generally gives better results at low temperature where almost complete recovery of the sulfur compounds can be performed by using zeolite 13X.

Fly ash for the treatment of Cd(II) rich effluents

Abstract: The removal of Cd(II) by adsorption on fly ash has been found to be contact time, concentration, temperature and pH dependent. The process of removal follows first order adsorption kinetics and the rate controlling step is intrap article transport into the pores of fly ash particles. The equilibrium nature of Cd(II) adsorption at different temperatures has been described by the Langmuir isotherm. The temperature dependence of Cd(II) adsorption on fly ash indicates the exothermic nature of adsorption. Alkaline aqueous medium favours the removal of Cd(II) by fly ash. The increase in adsorption of Cd(II) with pH has been explained on the basis of surface complex formation approach.