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Patricia Becker

Bio: Patricia Becker is an academic researcher from University of Delaware. The author has contributed to research in topics: Domestic violence & Public health. The author has an hindex of 3, co-authored 6 publications receiving 45 citations.

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: How multiple forms of unwanted sex can be conceptually examined is discussed, in particular as it relates to consent to unwanted sex as a result of the presence of verbal sexual coercion.
Abstract: Campus sexual assault is a pervasive issue impacting the well-being, quality of life, and education of all students. There have been many recent efforts to prevent and address campus sexual assault, most notably the adoption of affirmative consent standards. (1) Efforts to address sexual assault on college campuses through an affirmative consent standard could be undermined by traditional gender norms, sexual scripts, and the power dynamics inherent in heterosexual relations, which lead to situations in which many women provide consent to unwanted sex. (2) Studies indicate that college women are likely to experience verbal sexual coercion, yet research has failed to come to a consensus on how to define, operationalize, and study verbal sexual coercion. (3) Research on sexual consent is also lacking, in particular as it relates to consent to unwanted sex as a result of the presence of verbal sexual coercion. (4) This article discusses how multiple forms of unwanted sex can be conceptually examined. (5) Policy implications and areas for future research are discussed.

49 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A linkage and referral to health care intervention for individuals on probation designed by a local change team that brought together actors from multiple agencies and tasked them with increasing general practitioner physician access for probationers was tested.
Abstract: Probation offices represent a location where at-risk individuals in need of health care appear on a known and regular basis. We sought to study how providing linkages to health care could improve the proportion of underserved, justice-involved individuals accessing the health care system. This study tested a linkage and referral to health care intervention for individuals on probation designed by a local change team that brought together actors from multiple agencies and tasked them with increasing general practitioner physician access for probationers. The pilot trial randomized 400 individuals on probation in Delaware during 2016–2018 to determine the effectiveness of placing a health navigator in an urban probation office to refer people to an appointment with a primary care physician. The project also tested the impact of offering an incentive to probationers for attending a doctor’s appointment. Referral by a health navigator to a primary care physician was associated with a modest but significant increase in the proportion of individuals accessing care through a general practitioner physician. Offering an incentive had no significant impact on keeping the medical appointment above the effect of referral by the health navigator. Probation offices represent a location where at-risk individuals in need of health care appear on a known and regular basis. This study highlights how providing linkages to health care can improve the proportion of underserved individuals accessing the health care system.

13 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Both groups of women report significantly higher levels of ACEs, post-trauma distress, and danger assessments compared with the general population, indicating that women who experience IPV/A or women who use force in relationships may share more similarities than differences.
Abstract: Due to the enactment of mandatory and proarrest policies, there has been a sharp increase in the number of women arrested for use of force against an intimate partner. Many of these arrested women are also victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) and experience high levels of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our study explores experiences of two groups: 80 women who self-refer into survivor groups or individual counseling sessions facilitated by a trained counselor and 86 court-involved women who have been arrested on an IPV/abuse (IPV/A)-related charge and (in lieu of more substantial punishment) participate in an intervention/treatment program. The current research asks, "What do trauma measures tell us about women who voluntarily seek IPV/A victim support groups and about women court-mandated to a treatment program?" Using measures of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), post-trauma distress, and danger assessments, we explore these two groups. Our findings demonstrate that within the three measures used, women who voluntarily sought victim counseling services had a higher mean compared with women arrested for use of force against an intimate partner. Yet, both groups are significantly different from the general population in terms of having experienced significant trauma. Both groups of women report significantly higher levels of ACEs, post-trauma distress, and danger assessments compared with the general population, indicating that women who experience IPV/A or women who use force in relationships may share more similarities than differences. In addition, we explore the ways in which different relationship characteristics and treatment trajectories might help explain the differences present between these two groups of women. We conclude with a discussion of policy and treatment implications.

8 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data from 1992 to 2016 were used to examine whether incidents of intimate partner violence were less likely to be reported to the police if either the victim and/or offender were active duty military personnel.
Abstract: Although awareness of intimate partner violence (IPV) has increased, acknowledging that American military members and their families are particularly vulnerable to these forms of violence has been relatively recent. While scholars have shown that victims of IPV are unlikely to report their victimizations to the police (Venema Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(5), 872–899, 2016), virtually no attempts have been made to explore reporting crimes to the police by those in the military and/or victimized by someone in the military. In this paper, the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data from 1992 to 2016 were used to examine whether incidents of intimate partner violence were less likely to be reported to the police if either the victim and/or offender were active duty military personnel. To ascertain whether military status affected decisions to report for other violent crimes, models predicting the probability of reporting to the police for robbery victimizations were also examined. This research revealed that a military connection significantly decreased the likelihood of IPV being reported compared to the civilian population, however, military status had no effect on the likelihood of robbery victimizations being reported. Results support the contention that the military culture may reduce the likelihood that IPV victimizations will be reported to police compared to their civilian counterparts. Because this was not true for robbery victimizations, policies directed at reducing the reluctance of IPV victims to seek justice through law enforcement channels are needed along with continued efforts to prevent IPV in the military specifically, and within the nation generally.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address the needs of justice-involved individuals with a multitude of health issues, and address these individuals requires the efforts of multiple agencies working across traditionally siloed organizations.
Abstract: Justice-involved individuals struggle with a multitude of health issues, and addressing the needs of these individuals requires the efforts of multiple agencies working across traditionally siloed ...

4 citations


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TL;DR: For instance, this article found that for higher education in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Sweden, inequality rates for most other countries were largely stable or even increased, a conclusion that is consistent with the maximally maintained inequality (MMI) thesis.
Abstract: for higher education in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Sweden, inequality rates for most other countries were largely stable or even increased—a conclusion that is consistent with the maximally maintained inequality (MMI) thesis. The direct and indirect effects of private funding tend to cancel each other out. They therefore conclude that there is probably more inclusion and less diversion under school expansion. The edited volume offers a good representation of the fourth generation of comparative stratification research that seeks to elucidate the extent to which organizational variation across countries affects intergenerational mobility and educational attainment. The detailed information about inequality of higher education in individual countries would be invaluable to comparative researchers with similar interests. However, without taking a truly comparative design, some of the findings are suggestive at best. Furthermore, without controlling for the importance of public examination results, high-school GPA, and/or class ranks, the stated effects of social origin may have been exaggerated. In fact, the inclusion of qualifying examination results and/or high school GPA in Australia, Switzerland, and the United States dramatically reduces the direct effects of social origin to non-significance. The lack of school career data in many countries may also limit our understanding of the dynamics of higher education and underestimate the relative success of certain non-traditional routes. One key feature of advanced industrial economies is the prolonged and protracted paths in educational trajectories during emergent adulthood, where the old rigid educational tracks have gradually dissolved and movements between school and work are becoming more common. It is unclear how variation of such flexibility across countries would affect educational inequality. Nonetheless, it is hopeful that building on current findings, future works that explore these issues would certainly enhance our understanding of the dynamic role of the family and how institutional arrangements (isomorphism and differentiation) condition inequality outcomes. INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS, FAMILY, AND LIFE COURSE

284 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Arrested justice framed within a black feminist perspective of activism and resistance is an excellent read as mentioned in this paper. In search of social justice for low-income black (African American) women, the text is...
Abstract: ‘Arrested Justice’ framed within a black feminist perspective of activism and resistance is an excellent read. In search of social justice for low-income black (African American) women, the text is...

233 citations

01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between illicit drug use and 10 categories of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and total number of ACEs (ACE score) and found that ACEs increased the likelihood for early initiation 2- to 4-fold.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE Illicit drug use is identified in Healthy People 2010 as a leading health indicator because it is associated with multiple deleterious health outcomes, such as sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus, viral hepatitis, and numerous social problems among adolescents and adults. Improved understanding of the influence of stressful or traumatic childhood experiences on initiation and development of drug abuse is needed. METHODS We examined the relationship between illicit drug use and 10 categories of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and total number of ACEs (ACE score). A retrospective cohort study of 8613 adults who attended a primary care clinic in California completed a survey about childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction; illicit drug use; and other health-related issues. The main outcomes measured were self-reported use of illicit drugs, including initiation during 3 age categories: or=19 years); lifetime use for each of 4 birth cohorts dating back to 1900; drug use problems; drug addiction; and parenteral drug use. RESULTS Each ACE increased the likelihood for early initiation 2- to 4-fold. The ACE score had a strong graded relationship to initiation of drug use in all 3 age categories as well as to drug use problems, drug addiction, and parenteral drug use. Compared with people with 0 ACEs, people with >or=5 ACEs were 7- to 10-fold more likely to report illicit drug use problems, addiction to illicit drugs, and parenteral drug use. The attributable risk fractions as a result of ACEs for each of these illicit drug use problems were 56%, 64%, and 67%, respectively. For each of the 4 birth cohorts examined, the ACE score also had a strong graded relationship to lifetime drug use. CONCLUSIONS The ACE score had a strong graded relationship to the risk of drug initiation from early adolescence into adulthood and to problems with drug use, drug addiction, and parenteral use. The persistent graded relationship between the ACE score and initiation of drug use for 4 successive birth cohorts dating back to 1900 suggests that the effects of adverse childhood experiences transcend secular changes such as increased availability of drugs, social attitudes toward drugs, and recent massive expenditures and public information campaigns to prevent drug use. Because ACEs seem to account for one half to two third of serious problems with drug use, progress in meeting the national goals for reducing drug use will necessitate serious attention to these types of common, stressful, and disturbing childhood experiences by pediatric practice.

94 citations