Patrick L Jacobs

Bio: Patrick L Jacobs is an academic researcher from Florida Atlantic University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Anaerobic exercise & Repeated measures design. The author has an hindex of 8, co-authored 10 publications receiving 553 citations.

New functional electrical stimulation approaches to standing and walking.

Abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological trauma that is prevalent predominantly in young individuals. Several interventions in the areas of neuroregeneration, pharmacology and rehabilitation engineering/neuroscience are currently under investigation for restoring function after SCI. In this paper, we focus on the use of neuroprosthetic devices for restoring standing and ambulation as well as improving general health and wellness after SCI. Four neuroprosthetic approaches are discussed along with their demonstrated advantages and their future needs for improved clinical applicability. We first introduce surface functional electrical stimulation (FES) devices for restoring ambulation and highlight the importance of these devices for facilitating exercise activities and systemic physiological activation. Implanted muscle-based FES devices for restoring standing and walking that are currently undergoing clinical trials are then presented. The use of implanted peripheral nerve intraneural arrays of multi-site microelectrodes for providing fine and graded control of force during sit-to-stand maneuvers is subsequently demonstrated. Finally, intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) of the lumbosacral spinal cord for restoring standing and walking is introduced and its results to date are presented. We conclude with a general discussion of the common needs of the neuroprosthetic devices presented in this paper and the improvements that may be incorporated in the future to advance their clinical utility and user satisfaction.

Caffeine enhances upper body strength in resistance-trained women

Abstract: Research has indicated that low-to-moderate dosages of caffeine supplementation are ergogenic for sustained endurance efforts as well as high-intensity exercise. The effects of caffeine supplementation on strength-power performance are equivocal, with some studies indicating a benefit and others demonstrating no change in performance. The majority of research that has examined the effects of caffeine supplementation on strength-power performance has been carried out in both trained and untrained men. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the acute effects of caffeine supplementation on strength and muscular endurance in resistance-trained women. In a randomized manner, 15 women consumed caffeine (6 mg/kg) or placebo (PL) seven days apart. Sixty min following supplementation, participants performed a one-repetition maximum (1RM) barbell bench press test and repetitions to failure at 60% of 1RM. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed at rest, 60 minutes post-consumption, and immediately following completion of repetitions to failure. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated a significantly greater bench press maximum with caffeine (p ≤ 0.05) (52.9 ± 11.1 kg vs. 52.1 ± 11.7 kg) with no significant differences between conditions in 60% 1RM repetitions (p = 0.81). Systolic blood pressure was significantly greater post-exercise, with caffeine (p < 0.05) (116.8 ± 5.3 mmHg vs. 112.9 ± 4.9 mmHg). These findings indicate a moderate dose of caffeine may be sufficient for enhancing strength performance in resistance-trained women.

Acute enhancement of lower-extremity dynamic strength and flexibility with whole-body vibration.

Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on muscular strength, flexibility, and heart rate (HR). Twenty adults (10 men, 10 women) untrained to WBV participated in the study. All subjects completed assessment of lower-extremity isokinetic torque, flexibility, and HR immediately before and after 6 minutes of WBV and 6 minutes of leg cycling ergometry (CYL), in randomized order. During WBV, subjects stood upright on a vibration platform for a total of 6 minutes. Vibration frequency was gradually increased during the first minute to a frequency of 26 Hz, which was maintained for the remaining 5 minutes. During CYL, power output was gradually increased to 50 W during the first minute and maintained at that power output for the remaining 5 minutes. Lower-extremity flexibility was determined using the sit-and-reach box test. Peak and average isokinetic torque of knee extension and flexion were measured by means of a motor-driven dynamometer with velocity fixed at 120 degrees .s. Change scores for the outcome measures were compared between treatments using Student's paired t-tests. Analysis revealed significantly greater HR acceleration with CYL (24.7 bpm) than after WBV (15.8 bpm). The increase of sit-and-reach scores after WBV (4.7 cm) was statistically greater (p < 0.05) than after CYL (0.8 cm). After WBV, increases in peak and average isokinetic torque of knee extension, 7.7% and 9.6%, were statistically greater than after CYL (p < 0.05). Average torque of knee flexion also increased more with WBV (+7.8%) than with CYL (-1.5%) (p < 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that short-term WBV standing elicits acute enhancements of lower-extremity muscular torque and flexibility, suggesting the application of this technology as a preparatory activity before more intense exercise.

Comparison of training methods to improve walking in persons with chronic spinal cord injury: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract: ObjectiveTo compare two forms of device-specific training – body-weight-supported (BWS) ambulation on a fixed track (TRK) and BWS ambulation on a treadmill (TM) – to comprehensive physical therapy (PT) for improving walking speed in persons with chronic, motor-incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI).MethodsThirty-five adult subjects with a history of chronic SCI (>1 year; AIS ‘C’ or ‘D’) participated in a 13-week (1 hour/day; 3 days per week) training program. Subjects were randomized into one of the three training groups. Subjects in the two BWS groups trained without the benefit of additional input from a physical therapist or gait expert. For each training session, performance values and heart rate were monitored. Pre- and post-training maximal 10-m walking speed, balance, muscle strength, fitness, and quality of life were assessed in each subject.ResultsAll three training groups showed significant improvement in maximal walking speed, muscle strength, and psychological well-being. A significant im...

Effects of resistance and endurance training in persons with paraplegia.

Abstract: Introduction:The specific effects of resistance and endurance training on upper extremity work capacity, muscular strength, and anaerobic power in chronic survivors of paraplegia have not been previously determined.Purpose:This study compared the effects of 12 wk of endurance training (ET) w

ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations

Abstract: Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for skeletal muscle function.

Abstract: Lack of neural innervation due to neurological damage renders muscle unable to produce force. Use of electrical stimulation is a medium in which investigators have tried to find a way to restore movement and the ability to perform activities of daily living. Different methods of applying electrical current to modify neuromuscular activity are electrical stimulation (ES), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and functional electrical stimulation (FES). This review covers the aspects of electrical stimulation used for rehabilitation and functional purposes. Discussed are the various parameters of electrical stimulation, including frequency, pulse width/duration, duty cycle, intensity/amplitude, ramp time, pulse pattern, program duration, program frequency, and muscle group activated, and how they affect fatigue in the stimulated muscle.

The potential neural mechanisms of acute indirect vibration.

Abstract: The aim of this review was to examine the physiological effects of vibration exercise (VbX), including the cardiovascular indices and to elucidate its potential use for those with compromised health. VbX has long been acknowledged as a potential modality in sport, exercise, and health sectors. Muscle force and power have been shown to increase after VbX for athletes, the aged and those with diseases, where neural factors are thought to be the main contributor. Further, similarities to the tonic vibration reflex have been used to propose that the muscle spindle plays a role in activating the muscle which could benefit those with compromised health. There is strong evidence that acute VbX can enhance upper and lower-body muscle power, and there is some indication that longer-term VbX can augment muscle power of upper and lower body extremities, although this is less convincing. It is not conclusive whether VbX increases force attributes. This has been fraught by the type and parameters used for various muscle contractions, and the different sample populations that have varied in chronological age, experience and training status. VbX provides an insufficient stimulus to enhance cardiovascular indices, where VbX cannot increase heart rate to the same extent as conventional aerobic exercise. But when conventional aerobic exercise is not possible, for example, in aged, cardiovascular compromised persons, VbX could be implemented at an early stage because it could provide a safe induction of a slight elevation of cardiovascular function indices while providing neural and myogenic benefits. In conclusion, VbX is a safe modality to increase physiological responses of reflex and muscle activity, and muscle function, for athletes, the aged and compromised health. However, further research should focus on the optimum dose relationship of frequency, amplitude and duration for the various populations.

Encyclopedia of dietary supplements.

Abstract: S-Adenosylmethionine Jose M. Mato and Shelly C. Lu Aloe Vera Santiago Rodriguez, Steven Dentali, and Devon Powell Androstenedione Benjamin Z. Leder L-Arginine Mauro Maccario, Guglielmo Beccuti, Valentina Gasco, Mariangela Seardo, Gianluca Aimaretti, Emanuela Arvat, Fabio Lanfranco, and Ezio Ghigo Astragalus Roy Upton Bilberry Marilyn Barrett Biotin Donald M. Mock Bitter Orange Steffany Haaz, K. Y. Williams, Kevin R. Fontaine, and David B. Allison Black Cohosh Daniel S. Fabricant, Elizabeth C. Krause, and Norman R. Farnsworth Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) WayneW. Carmichael and Mary Stukenberg with Joseph M. Betz Boron Curtiss Hunt Caffeine Harris R. Lieberman, Christina E. Carvey, and Lauren A. Thompson Calcium Robert P. Heaney Propionyl-L-Carnitine Charles J. Rebouche ss-Carotene Elizabeth J. Johnson and Robert M. Russell Carotenoids Overview Elizabeth J. Johnson and Robert M. Russell Cascara Sagrada Kapil K. Soni and Gail B. Mahady Chaste Tree Gail B. Mahady, Joanna L. Michel, and Kapil K. Soni Choline Steven H. Zeisel Chondroitin Sulfate Karla L. Miller and Daniel O. Clegg Chromium Richard A. Anderson andWilliam T. Cefalu Coenzyme Q10 Gustav Dallner and Roland Stocker Conjugated Linoleic Acid Kristina B. Martinez, Arion J. Kennedy, and Michael K. McIntosh Copper Leslie M. Klevay Cordyceps John Holliday, Matt Cleaver, Mojca Tajnik, Joseph M. Cerecedes, and Solomon P. Wasser Cranberry Marguerite A. Klein Creatine G. S. Salomons, C. Jakobs, and M. Wyss Dong Quai Roy Upton Dehydroepiandrosterone Salvatore Alesci, Irini Manoli, and Marc R. Blackman Rudolf Bauer and Karin Woelkart Elderberry Madeleine Mumcuoglu, Daniel Safirman, and Mina Ferne Eleuthero Josef A. Brinckmann Ephedra Anne L. Thurn with Joseph M. Betz Evening Primrose Fereidoon Shahidi and Homan Miraliakbari Feverfew Dennis V. C. Awang Flaxseed Lilian U. Thompson and Julie K. Mason Folate Pamela Bagley and Barry Shane French Maritime Pine Peter J. Rohdewald Garcinia Frank Greenway Garlic J. A. Milner Ginger Tieraona Low Dog Ginkgo Kristian Stromgaard, Stine B. Vogensen, Joseph Steet, and Koji Nakanishi Ginseng, American Chong-Zhi Wang and Chun-Su Yuan Ginseng, Asian Lee Jia and Fabio Soldati Glucosamine Karla L. Miller and Daniel O. Clegg Glutamine Steven F. Abcouwer Goldenseal Dennis J. McKenna and Gregory A. Plotnikoff Grape Seed Extract Dallas L. Clouatre, Chithan Kandaswami, and Kevin M. Connolly Green Tea Polyphenols Shengmin Sang, Joshua D. Lambert, Chi-Tang Ho, and Chung S. Yang Hawthorn Egon Koch, Werner R. Busse,Wiltrud Juretzek, and Vitali Chevts 5-Hydroxytryptophan Pedro Del Corral, Kathryn S. King, and Karel Pacak Iron Laura E. Murray-Kolb and John Beard Isoflavones Mark Messina Isothiocyanates Elizabeth H. Jeffery and Anna-Sigrid Keck Kava Michael J. Balick, Katherine Herrera, and Steven M. Musser Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria Linda C. Duffy, Stephen Sporn, Patricia Hibberd, Carol Pontzer, Gloria Solano-Aguilar, Susan V. Lynch, and Crystal McDade-Ngutter Licorice Decio Armanini, Cristina Fiore, Jens Bielenberg, and Eugenio Ragazzi alpha-Lipoic Acid/Thioctic Acid Donald B. McCormick Lutein John Paul SanGiovanni, Emily Y. Chew, and Elizabeth J. Johnson Lycopene Rachel Kopec, Steven J. Schwartz, and Craig Hadley Maca Ilias Muhammad, Jianping Zhao, and Ikhlas A. Khan Magnesium Robert K. Rude Melatonin Amnon Brzezinski and Richard J. Wurtman Milk Thistle Elena Ladas, David J. Kroll, and Kara M. Kelly Niacin Christelle Bourgeois and Joel Moss Noni Alison D. Pawlus, Bao-Ning Su, Ye Deng, and A. Douglas Kinghorn Omega-3 Fatty Acids William S. Harris Omega-6 Fatty Acids William L. Smith and Bill Lands Pancreatic Enzymes Naresh Sundaresan, Unwanaobong Nseyo, and Joel Moss Pantothenic Acid Lawrence Sweetman Pau d'Arco Memory P. F. Elvin-Lewis and Walter H. Lewis Phosphorus John J. B. Anderson and Sanford C. Garner Polyphenols Overview Navindra P. Seeram Proanthocyanidins Catherine Kwik-Uribe, Rebecca Robbins, and Gary Beecher Pygeum Franc,ois G. Brackman and Alan Edgar with Paul M. Coates Quercetin Jae B. Park Red Clover Elizabeth C. Krause, Nancy L. Booth, Colleen E. Piersen, and Norman R. Farnsworth Reishi Solomon P. Wasser Riboflavin Richard S. Rivlin Saw Palmetto Edward M. Croom and Michael Chan Selenium Roger A. Sunde Shiitake Solomon P. Wasser St. John's Wort Jerry M. Cott Taurine Robin J. Marles, Valerie A. Assinewe, Julia A. Fogg, Milosz Kaczmarek, and Michael C. W. Sek Thiamin Hamid M. Said Turmeric Janet L. Funk Valerian Dennis V. C. Awang Vitamin A A. Catharine Ross Vitamin B6 James E. Leklem Vitamin B12 Lindsay H. Allen Vitamin C Sebastian Padayatty, Michael Graham Espey, and Mark Levine Vitamin D Patsy Brannon, Mary Frances Picciano, and Michelle K. McGuire Vitamin E Maret G. Traber Vitamin K J. W. Suttie Yohimbe Joseph M. Betz Zinc Carolyn S. Chung and Janet C. King Index