Patrick Stanley

Bio: Patrick Stanley is an academic researcher from Missouri University of Science and Technology. The author has contributed to research in topics: Lithium & Rietveld refinement. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 2 publications receiving 18 citations.

Iron Borophosphate as a Potential Cathode for Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract: Lithium iron borophosphate, Li0.8Fe(H2O)2[BP2O8]·H2O, with a chiral 65 helical channel structure has been shown to be electrochemically active as the cathode for both Li- and Na-ion batteries. We report here, for the first time, synthesis of the illusive Li-containing iron borophosphate of a well-known structure type by employing a hydrothermal synthesis route. The compound has been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, magnetic measurement, and Mossbauer spectroscopy, which unequivocally prove the mixed valency of Fe2+/3+. The compound exhibits a sloppy voltage profile reminiscent of single-phase solid-solution-type behavior on electrochemical lithium and sodium insertion in the voltage range of 2.1–4.0 V and 1.6–4.0 V, respectively. The pure single-phase oxidized end-member Fe(H2O)2[BP2O8]·H2O was synthesized by chemical delithiation of the as-synthesized compound, and the structure was solved by ab initio methods, followed by Rietveld refinement of the synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction ...

Iron Borophosphate as a Potential Cathode for Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Abstract: Li0.8Fe(H2O)2 [BP2O8]·H2O with a chiral 65 helical channel structure is prepared by hydrothermal reaction of a 15:0.1:0.45 molar solution of FeCl2, H3BO3, and LiOH in conc.

Recent Progress in Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract: Grid-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) that can connect to sustainable energy resources have received great attention in an effort to satisfy ever-growing energy demands. Although recent advances in Li-ion battery (LIB) technology have increased the energy density to a level applicable to grid-scale ESSs, the high cost of Li and transition metals have led to a search for lower-cost battery system alternatives. Based on the abundance and accessibility of Na and its similar electrochemistry to the well-established LIB technology, Na-ion batteries (NIBs) have attracted significant attention as an ideal candidate for grid-scale ESSs. Since research on NIB chemistry resurged in 2010, various positive and negative electrode materials have been synthesized and evaluated for NIBs. Nonetheless, studies on NIB chemistry are still in their infancy compared with LIB technology, and further improvements are required in terms of energy, power density, and electrochemical stability for commercialization. Most recent progress on electrode materials for NIBs, including the discovery of new electrode materials and their Na storage mechanisms, is briefly reviewed. In addition, efforts to enhance the electrochemical properties of NIB electrode materials as well as the challenges and perspectives involving these materials are discussed.

Polyanionic Insertion Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract: Efficient energy storage is a driving factor propelling myriads of mobile electronics, electric vehicles and stationary electric grid storage. Li-ion batteries have realized these goals in a commercially viable manner with ever increasing penetration to different technology sectors across the globe. While these electronic devices are more evident and appealing to consumers, there has been a growing concern for micro-to-mega grid storage systems. Overall, the modern world demands energy in terawatt' scale. It needs a multipronged approach with alternate technologies complementing the Li-ion batteries. One such viable approach is to design and implement Na-ion batteries. With the uniform geographical distribution, abundance and materials economy of Na resources as well as a striking operational similarity to Li-ion batteries, Na-ion batteries have commercial potential, particularly for applications unrestricted by volumetric/gravimetric energy density. In pursuit of the development of Na-ion batteries, suites of oxides, sulfides, fluorides, and polyanionic materials have been reported in addition to several organic complexes. This article gives an overview of recent progress in polyanionic framework compounds, with emphasis on high-voltage candidates consisting of earth abundant elements. Guided by ternary phase diagrams, recently discovered and potential cathode candidates will be discussed gauging their performance, current status, and future perspectives.

Sodium-Ion Batteries (a Review)

Abstract: State-of-the-art in the studies of sodium-ion batteries is discussed in comparison with their deeper developed lithium-ion analogs. The principal problem hindering the development of competitive sodium-ion batteries is the low effectiveness of the electrode materials at hand. The principal efforts in the formation of anodes for the sodium-ion batteries are reduced to the development of materials based on carbon, metals, alloys, and transition metal oxides. Cathode materials are searched among oxides (first of all, layered) and salt systems. Synthesis of electrolytes for the sodium-ion batteries is not sufficiently attended to. Nowadays it is sodium salt solutions in organic solvents that are dominated; however, polymer and solid electrolytes with sodium conductivity may be thought of as very perspective. Reference list contains 584 items.

Unique role of Mössbauer spectroscopy in assessing structural features of heterogeneous catalysts

Abstract: Their wide availability in nature, low cost, high reactivity, and low toxicity make Fe-based catalysts versatile in various catalysis fields, including photocatalysis, Fenton-like reaction, electrocatalysis, Li-ion batteries (LIBs), Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), biomass conversion, N2O decomposition and etc. Mossbauer spectroscopy, a powerful technique that is able to give account of structural features for all iron species taking part in the catalysis process, is considered to be a crucial technique for determining catalyst phase, identifying active site, and investigating correlations between catalytic behavior and the coordination structure of catalysts, which are highly desirable for clarifying the catalytic mechanisms. Each kind of Fe-based materials could be functionalized in the most suitable catalysis field, wherever Mossbauer technique may play a unique role. For instance, Fe-N-C based materials are extensively investigated as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and Mossbauer spectroscopy application in this field has been utilized to identify the chemical nature of the active site on the Fe-N-C catalyst. Iron carbides are considered as the most active phase for FTS and Mossbauer technique is widely applied in determining the chemical phase of catalysts. Fe-based silicates, phosphates or polyanionic compounds are recognized as promising cathode materials for LIBs, for which Mossbauer technique has been mainly applied for tracking of the oxidation state and coordination environment change of Fe between charged and discharged states of the batteries. Similar phenomena can also be found in other catalysis fields. To give a clear understanding of which field is most suitable for a certain Fe-based catalyst and the best role of the Mossbauer technique in a certain catalysis field associated with the investigation of the mechanism, in this review, the recent advances of applying Mossbauer technique in catalysis are thoroughly summarized, including results from environmental catalysis and energy catalysis. Remarkable cases of study are highlighted and brief insight into applying Mossbauer technique for various Fe-based materials in their special catalysis field is presented. Finally, the trends for future potential applications of Mossbauer technique are discussed.