In recent decades, there has been remarkable growth in scientific research examining the multiple ways in which racism can adversely affect health. This interest has been driven in part by the stri...

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750

Racism and Health: Evidence and Needed Research.

Drawing on information from four recent national and two state-level population-based surveys, the analyses suggest that there are more than 8 million adults in the US who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual, comprising 3.5% of the adult population. There are also nearly 700,000 transgender individuals in the US. In total, the study suggests that approximately 9 million Americans – roughly the population of New Jersey – identify as LGBT. Key findings from the study include among adults who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual, bisexuals comprise a slight majority (1.8% compared to 1.7% who identify as lesbian or gay); women are substantially more likely than men to identify as bisexual; estimates of those who report any lifetime same-sex sexual behavior and any same-sex sexual attraction are substantially higher than estimates of those who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual. An estimated 19 million Americans (8.2%) report that they have engaged in same-sex sexual behavior and nearly 25.6 million Americans (11%) acknowledge at least some same-sex sexual attraction.

/pdf/how-many-people-are-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-584k83e3zr.pdf

How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender? - eScholarship

https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/46883/2/Kola_Lola_COVID-19....pdf

COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: reimagining global mental health.

Background To provide an overview of the empirical research linking self-reports of racial discrimination to health status and health service utilization. Methods A review of literature reviews and meta-analyses published from January 2013 to 2019 was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science. Articles were considered for inclusion using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. Results Twenty-nine studies met the criteria for review. Both domestic and international studies find that experiences of discrimination reported by adults are adversely related to mental health and indicators of physical health, including preclinical indicators of disease, health behaviors, utilization of care, and adherence to medical regimens. Emerging evidence also suggests that discrimination can affect the health of children and adolescents and that at least some of its adverse effects may be ameliorated by the presence of psychosocial resources. Conclusions Increasing evidence indicates that racial discrimination is an emerging risk factor for disease and a contributor to racial disparities in health. Attention is needed to strengthen research gaps and to advance our understanding of the optimal interventions that can reduce the negative effects of discrimination.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1475-6773.13222

Understanding how discrimination can affect health.

Both sex (i.e., biological differences) and gender (i.e., social or cultural influences) impact vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Clinical data illustrate that among children, young adults, and aged individuals, males and females differ in vaccine-induced immune responses, adverse events, and protection. Although males are more likely to receive vaccines, following vaccination, females typically develop higher antibody responses and report more adverse effects of vaccination than do males. Human, nonhuman animal, and in vitro studies reveal numerous immunological, genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that differ between males and females and contribute to sex- and gender-specific vaccine responses and outcomes. Herein, we address the impact of sex and gender variables that should be considered in preclinical and clinical studies of vaccines.

Sex and Gender Differences in the Outcomes of Vaccination over the Life Course.

Age-Specific Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Males: A Global Review

Discrimination and drinking: A systematic review of the evidence.

Objective: Due to higher rates of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and anal cancer among gay and bisexual men, we aimed to characterize their willingness to get HPV vaccine and identify correlates of vaccine acceptability. Methods: We surveyed a national sample of men aged 18 to 59 who self-identified as either gay (n 236) or bisexual (n 70) during January 2009. We analyzed data using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Most men had heard of HPV vaccine (73%, 224/306) and were willing to get it (74%, 225/306). HPV vaccine acceptability was higher among men who believed their doctor would recommend getting the vaccine (OR 12.87, 95% CI: 4.63‐35.79) and those who were unsure (OR 3.15, 95% CI: 1.47‐6.76), as compared to men who believed their doctor would not recommend it. Acceptability was also higher among men who reported 5 or more lifetime sexual partners (OR 3.39, 95% CI: 1.34‐8.55), perceived greater severity of HPVrelated disease (OR 1.92, 95% CI: 1.18‐3.14), perceived higher levels of HPV vaccine effectiveness (OR 1.97, 95% CI: 1.27‐3.06), or reported higher levels of anticipated regret if they did not get vaccinated and later developed an HPV infection (OR 2.39, 95% CI: 1.57‐3.61). Conclusions: HPV vaccine acceptability was high among gay and bisexual men. These findings identify potentially important beliefs and attitudes for future communication efforts about HPV and HPV vaccine among gay and bisexual men.

/pdf/acceptability-of-hpv-vaccine-among-a-national-sample-of-gay-2wxzs9bxmm.pdf

Acceptability of HPV vaccine among a national sample of gay and bisexual men.

Alcohol research with transgender populations: A systematic review and recommendations to strengthen future studies

We know little about men’s beliefs about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and willingness to receive it. In January 2009, the authors recruited 296 heterosexual men and 312 gay and bisexual men from a national panel of U.S. households to complete an online survey about HPV and HPV vaccine. The authors analyzed data using logistic regression, controlling for age, education, number of lifetime sexual partners, and urban residence. More gay and bisexual men than heterosexual men were willing to receive HPV vaccine (73% vs. 37%; adjusted odds ratio = 4.99; 95% confidence interval = 3.36, 7.49). Gay and bisexual men reported greater awareness of HPV vaccine, perceived worry about HPV-related diseases, perceived effectiveness of HPV vaccine, and anticipated regret if they declined vaccination and later developed HPV-related disease compared with heterosexual men (all ps < .05). The lower acceptability and different beliefs among heterosexual men suggest that novel interventions for this group may be needed.

/pdf/hpv-vaccine-acceptability-in-heterosexual-gay-and-bisexual-49s6ypphzf.pdf

Paul A. Gilbert

Papers

Age-Specific Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Males: A Global Review

Discrimination and drinking: A systematic review of the evidence.

Acceptability of HPV vaccine among a national sample of gay and bisexual men.

Alcohol research with transgender populations: A systematic review and recommendations to strengthen future studies

HPV Vaccine Acceptability in Heterosexual, Gay, and Bisexual Men