scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Author

Paul B. Brown

Bio: Paul B. Brown is an academic researcher from Purdue University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Feed conversion ratio & Fish meal. The author has an hindex of 39, co-authored 109 publications receiving 5206 citations. Previous affiliations of Paul B. Brown include Texas A&M University & University of Tennessee.


Papers
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This document reviews various plant feedstuis, which currently are or potentially may be incorporated into aquafeeds to support the sustainable production of various ¢sh species in aquaculture and strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition and limit potentially adverse eiects of bioactive compounds are described.
Abstract: Continued growth and intensi¢cation of aquaculture production depends upon the development of sustainable protein sources to replace ¢sh meal in aquafeeds. This document reviews various plant feedstuis, which currently are or potentially may be incorporated into aquafeeds to support the sustainable production of various ¢sh species in aquaculture. The plant feedstuis considered include oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains, which traditionally have been used as protein or energy concentrates as well as novel products developed through various processing technologies. The nutritional composition of these various feedstuis are considered along with the presence of any bioactive compounds that may positively or negatively aiect the target organism. Lipid composition of these feedstuis is not speci¢cally considered although it is recognized that incorporating lipid supplements in aquafeeds to achieve proper fatty acid pro¢les to meet the metabolic requirements of ¢sh and maximize human health bene¢ts are important aspects. Speci¢c strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition of plant feedstuis and limit potentially adverse eiects of bioactive compounds are also described. Such information will provide a foundation for developing strategic research plans for increasing the use of plant feedstuis in aquaculture to reduce dependence of animal feedstuis and thereby enhance the sustainability of aquaculture.

1,910 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Endogenous secretions of P decreased over time, but clinical signs of P inadequacy did not occur until between 6 and 10 days of feeding a P-deficient diet.

163 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evaluated dietary calcium and phosphorus requirements of fingerling Oreochromis aureus reared in calcium-free water indicated that 0.70% dietary calcium was optimum for good growth, but whole-body, bone or scale minerals did not clearly reflect the calcium requirement as established by growth.

135 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A bioenergetics-based model that links isotope ratios to growth, as influenced by fish size, temperature, diet, and prey quality is developed, which accurately predicted temporal δ 15 N dynamics of lake trout in a diet-switch experiment but was less successful for δ 13 C, possibly because of variable fractionation.
Abstract: To describe temporal dynamics of stable isotope ratios in fishes, we developed a bioenergetics-based model that links isotope ratios to growth, as influenced by fish size, temperature, diet, and pr...

131 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Eight experimental diets were formulated for rainbow trout using agricultural byproducts as major ingredients and the ingredient costs were lower than the estimated cost of a standard commercial trout diet, but the superior feed conversion ratios of fish fed the control diet resulted in lower feed costs per unit of fish produced.
Abstract: Eight experimental diets were formulated for rainbow trout using agricultural byproducts as major ingredients. Each experimental diet contained varying amounts of corn grain, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed and one of the following: 200 g kg-1 peanut meal, 200 or 400 g kg-1 soybean meal (SBM), 390 g kg-1 low-allergen soy flour, 310 g kg-1 soy protein concentrate, 300 g kg-1 low-allergen soy protein concentrate or 200 g kg-1 SBM + 110 g kg-1 blood meal. One diet contained 200 g kg-1 SBM and canola oil as the main lipid source. The remaining diets contained 95 g kg-1 menhaden oil. Fish fed a commercial trout diet exhibited significantly greater weight gain (322%), and a lower feed conversion ratio (0.89) but significantly lower protein efficiency ratio (2.18) than fish fed the experimental diets. Within the experimental diets, fish fed the 400 g kg-1 soy flour diet and the 400 g kg-1 soybean meal diet had significantly higher weight gains (276% and 268%) and protein efficiency ratios (2.58 and 2.52), and lower feed conversion ratios (1.02 and 1.03) than fish fed other experimental diets. Fillet flavour varied between treatments. Most notable was the lower fishy flavour and higher chicken flavour of fish fed the diet that contained canola oil rather than menhaden oil. Microscopic evaluation of the liver and five sections of the gastrointestinal tract failed to demonstrate any differences between treatment groups. The ingredient costs of several experimental diets were lower than the estimated cost of a standard commercial trout diet. However, the superior feed conversion ratios of fish fed the control diet resulted in lower feed costs per unit of fish produced.

131 citations


Cited by
More filters
Book
01 Jan 2009

8,216 citations

01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals was investigated by analyzing animals grown in the laboratory on diets of constant nitrogen isotopic composition and found that the variability of the relationship between the δ^(15)N values of animals and their diets is greater for different individuals raised on the same diet than for the same species raised on different diets.
Abstract: The influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals was investigated by analyzing animals grown in the laboratory on diets of constant nitrogen isotopic composition. The isotopic composition of the nitrogen in an animal reflects the nitrogen isotopic composition of its diet. The δ^(15)N values of the whole bodies of animals are usually more positive than those of their diets. Different individuals of a species raised on the same diet can have significantly different δ^(15)N values. The variability of the relationship between the δ^(15)N values of animals and their diets is greater for different species raised on the same diet than for the same species raised on different diets. Different tissues of mice are also enriched in ^(15)N relative to the diet, with the difference between the δ^(15)N values of a tissue and the diet depending on both the kind of tissue and the diet involved. The δ^(15)N values of collagen and chitin, biochemical components that are often preserved in fossil animal remains, are also related to the δ^(15)N value of the diet. The dependence of the δ^(15)N values of whole animals and their tissues and biochemical components on the δ^(15)N value of diet indicates that the isotopic composition of animal nitrogen can be used to obtain information about an animal's diet if its potential food sources had different δ^(15)N values. The nitrogen isotopic method of dietary analysis probably can be used to estimate the relative use of legumes vs non-legumes or of aquatic vs terrestrial organisms as food sources for extant and fossil animals. However, the method probably will not be applicable in those modern ecosystems in which the use of chemical fertilizers has influenced the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in food sources. The isotopic method of dietary analysis was used to reconstruct changes in the diet of the human population that occupied the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico over a 7000 yr span. Variations in the δ^(15)C and δ^(15)N values of bone collagen suggest that C_4 and/or CAM plants (presumably mostly corn) and legumes (presumably mostly beans) were introduced into the diet much earlier than suggested by conventional archaeological analysis.

5,548 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2003-Oikos
TL;DR: For example, this article found that the trophic shift for C was lower for consumers acidified prior to analysis than for unacidified samples ( +0.5 + 0.13%o rather than 0.0%o, as commonly assumed).
Abstract: Use of stable isotope ratios to trace pathways of organic matter among consumers requires knowledge of the isotopic shift between diet and consumer. Variation in trophic shift among consumers can be substantial. For data from the published literature and supplementary original data (excluding fluid-feeding consumers), the mean isotopic shift for C was + 0.5 + 0.13%o rather than 0.0%o, as commonly assumed. The shift for C was higher for consumers analyzed as muscle (+ 1.3 + 0.30%o) than for consumers analyzed whole (+ 0.3 +0.14%o). Among consumers analyzed whole, the trophic shift for C was lower for consumers acidified prior to analysis (-0.2 + 0.21%o) than for unacidified samples ( +0.5 + 0.17%o). For N, trophic shift was lower for consumers raised on invertebrate diets (+ 1.4 + 0.21%o) than for consumers raised on other high-protein diets (+3.3 +0.26%o) and was intermediate for consumers raised on plant and algal diets (+2.2 +0.30%o). The trophic shift for S differed between high-protein (+ 2.0 + 0.65%o) and low-protein diets (-0.5 + 0.56%o). Thus, methods of analysis and dietary differences can affect trophic shift for consumers; the utility of stable isotope methods can be improved if this information is incorporated into studies of trophic relationships. Although few studies of stable isotope ratios have considered variation in the trophic shift, such variation is important because small errors in estimates of trophic shift can result in large errors in estimates of the contribution of sources to consumers or in estimates of trophic position.

2,477 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of plant-derived materials such as legume seeds, different types of oilseed cake, leaf meals, leaf protein concentrates, and root tuber meals as fish feed ingredients is limited by the presence of a wide variety of antinutritional substances.

2,036 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This document reviews various plant feedstuis, which currently are or potentially may be incorporated into aquafeeds to support the sustainable production of various ¢sh species in aquaculture and strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition and limit potentially adverse eiects of bioactive compounds are described.
Abstract: Continued growth and intensi¢cation of aquaculture production depends upon the development of sustainable protein sources to replace ¢sh meal in aquafeeds. This document reviews various plant feedstuis, which currently are or potentially may be incorporated into aquafeeds to support the sustainable production of various ¢sh species in aquaculture. The plant feedstuis considered include oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains, which traditionally have been used as protein or energy concentrates as well as novel products developed through various processing technologies. The nutritional composition of these various feedstuis are considered along with the presence of any bioactive compounds that may positively or negatively aiect the target organism. Lipid composition of these feedstuis is not speci¢cally considered although it is recognized that incorporating lipid supplements in aquafeeds to achieve proper fatty acid pro¢les to meet the metabolic requirements of ¢sh and maximize human health bene¢ts are important aspects. Speci¢c strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition of plant feedstuis and limit potentially adverse eiects of bioactive compounds are also described. Such information will provide a foundation for developing strategic research plans for increasing the use of plant feedstuis in aquaculture to reduce dependence of animal feedstuis and thereby enhance the sustainability of aquaculture.

1,910 citations