Showing papers by "Paul DiMaggio published in 1979"

On Pierre Bourdieu

Abstract: The encyclopedic efforts of Pierre Bourdieu, the prolific directeur d'etudes at L'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, are beginning to reach readers in the Anglo-Saxon world. Two of Bourdieu's most important works-Outline of a Theory of Practice (hereafter, Outline) and Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture (hereafter, Reproduction)-have recently been translated into English; an early work, The Algerians, was published in the 1960s; and a fourth volume, The Inheritors (Bourdieu 1979), is due out soon. Add to this the availability in translation of at least 15 of his articles as well as references to his writing in a growing number of British and American works, and it is clear that American sociologists now have access to a prodigious and promising theoretical and empirical enterprise. Bourdieu is best known in this country for his work, with Jean-Claude Passeron and others, on French education, particularly higher education, and its role in the reproduction of class relations. Their argument bears a strong, if superficial, resemblance to the one that Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis have advanced about education in the United States (Bowles 1971; Bowles and Gintis 1972-73, 1976). Bourdieu's writing on education, however, is but one thrust of a larger effort-beginning with his study of the transition to modernity of Algerian peasant communities in the 1950s (Bourdieu 1962)-to delineate the mechanisms of symbolic domination and control by which the existing social order is maintained in both preindustrial and modern social systems. He has further aimed to construct a generally applicable sociological practice which unmasks the legitimations, misrecognitions of power, and \"symbolic violence\" inherent, so he believes, in the functioning of any social system. In so doing, he has outlined an elegantly systematic, if not entirely satisfactory, revisionist approach to the

Decentralized Applied Research: Factors Affecting the Use of Audience Research by Arts Organizations

Abstract: Little empirical work has estimated the actual importance of factors said to affect the extent to which applied social research is utilized by client organizations. To identify the salience of various factors in facilitating or inhibiting the use of applied research, we have examined the application of one form of research in one decentralized setting-the utilization of audience studies by arts organizations. Drawing on the findings of 25 intensive case studies of diverse audience research, we specify the critical factors affecting utilization of audience studies in arts-organization policy making. Studies were most likely to have powerful effects (a) when their findings confirmed the predilections of arts managers, (b) when an influential person actively sought implementation, and (c) when researchers were involved on a sustained basis in staff deliberations. Studies were not utilized (a) under conditions of high staff tumover, (b) when organizations lacked the resources to use their findings, and (c) wh...