Paul Fraisse

Bio: Paul Fraisse is an academic researcher from Sorbonne. The author has contributed to research in topics: Anticipation (artificial intelligence) & Perception. The author has an hindex of 21, co-authored 100 publications receiving 3381 citations.

Perception and estimation of time.

Abstract: nouns or of photographs of faces. This difference in roles of the two hemispheres was to be tested by using right-handed and left-handed Ss. The results were negative, but also the hypotheses were weak. Does a recognition task not always involve the dominant hemisphere? By considering large groups of Ss having brain lesions in widely differing areas , and by subjecting them to a test battery (involving manipulation of temporal concepts estimating time periods , sequence of events , judging and producing short and long intervals singly and in pairs), Bruyer & Bontemps­ Devogel (1979) found that by comparison with a control group, the Ss with lesions showed a lower level of performance . The group with frontal lesions showed a marked disability. A final point to indicate, and it is merely a confIrmation, is that there is no relationship between the alpha rhythm and temporal estimations (Adam et al 1971) . However, Coffin & Ganz ( 1 977) found in the estimation of a 5 sec task a high correlation between the estima­ tions and the weighted mean frequency of the EEG close to the alpha fre­

Time and rhythm perception

Abstract: Publisher Summary Perception is information extracted from a stimulus that is present Changes may be characterized by the following two aspects: (1) the succession and order of events and (2) the duration of the event or the interval between two successive events Perception always consists of perceiving an event of variable duration The perceived present, or psychological present, may be defined as the temporal extent of stimulations that can be perceived at a given time, without the intervention of rehearsal during or after the stimulation The capacity of apprehension of successive stimulations is to be distinguished from long-term and short-term memory The concept of short-term memory refers to the possibility of keeping in memory a series of bits of information for a duration that does not exceed several tenths of seconds The chapter also discusses the methods of perception of duration Four main methods are used in the study of the perception of duration: verbal estimation, production, reproduction, and comparison Perceived rhythm in which ordering is given in a perceptual gestalt is contrasted to induced rhythm in which ordering is reconstructed on the basis of experiences stored in memory

The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity.

Abstract: Miller (1956) summarized evidence that people can remember about seven chunks in short-term memory (STM) tasks. How- ever, that number was meant more as a rough estimate and a rhetorical device than as a real capacity limit. Others have since suggested that there is a more precise capacity limit, but that it is only three to five chunks. The present target article brings together a wide vari- ety of data on capacity limits suggesting that the smaller capacity limit is real. Capacity limits will be useful in analyses of information processing only if the boundary conditions for observing them can be carefully described. Four basic conditions in which chunks can be identified and capacity limits can accordingly be observed are: (1) when information overload limits chunks to individual stimulus items, (2) when other steps are taken specifically to block the recoding of stimulus items into larger chunks, (3) in performance discontinuities caused by the capacity limit, and (4) in various indirect effects of the capacity limit. Under these conditions, rehearsal and long-term memory cannot be used to combine stimulus items into chunks of an unknown size; nor can storage mechanisms that are not capacity- limited, such as sensory memory, allow the capacity-limited storage mechanism to be refilled during recall. A single, central capacity limit averaging about four chunks is implicated along with other, noncapacity-limited sources. The pure STM capacity limit expressed in chunks is distinguished from compound STM limits obtained when the number of separately held chunks is unclear. Reasons why pure capacity estimates fall within a narrow range are discussed and a capacity limit for the focus of attention is proposed.

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review.

Abstract: The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set of 18 reliable empirical finding is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions are summarized and evaluated in view of this critical evidence and the 2 major candidate theories ―relative speed of processing and automaticity of reading― are found to be wanting. It is concluded that recent theories placing the explanatory weight on parallel processing of the irrelevant and the relevant dimensions are likely to be more sucessful than are earlier theories attempting to locate a single bottleneck in attention

Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating

Abstract: To understand the endogenous components of the event-related brain potential (ERP), we must use data about the components' antecedent conditions to form hypotheses about the information-processing function of the underlying brain activity These hypotheses, in turn, generate testable predictions about the consequences of the component We review the application of this approach to the analysis of the P300 component The amplitude of the P300 is controlled multiplicatively by the subjective probability and the task relevance of the eliciting events, whereas its latency depends on the duration of stimulus evaluation These and other factors suggest that the P300 is a manifestation of activity occurring whenever one's model of the environment must be revised Tests of three predictions based on this “context updating” model are reviewed Verleger's critique is based on a misconstrual of the model as well as a partial and misleading reading of the relevant literature

Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide

Abstract: Such diverse thinkers as Lao-Tze, Confucius, and U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld have all pointed out that we need to be able to tell the difference between real and assumed knowledge. The systematic review is a scientific tool that can help with this difficult task. It can help, for example, with appraising, summarising, and communicating the results and implications of otherwise unmanageable quantities of data. This is important because quite often there are so many studies, and their results are often so conflicting, that no policymaker or practitioner could possibly carry out this task themselves.Systematic review methods have been widely used in health care, and are becoming increasingly common in the social sciences (fostered, for example, by the work of the Campbell Collaboration). This book outlines the rationale and methods of systematic reviews, giving worked examples from social science and other fields. It requires no previous knowledge, but takes the reader through the process stage by stage. It draws on examples from such diverse fields as psychology, criminology, education, transport, social welfare, public health, and housing and urban policy, among others.The book includes detailed sections on assessing the quality of both quantitative, and qualitative research; searching for evidence in the social sciences;meta-analytic and other methods of evidence synthesis; publication bias; heterogeneity; and approaches to dissemination.