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Paul J. Greenwood

Bio: Paul J. Greenwood is an academic researcher from University of Sussex. The author has contributed to research in topics: Biological dispersal & Parus. The author has an hindex of 13, co-authored 16 publications receiving 4882 citations.

Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that the direction of the sex bias is a consequence of the type of mating system, and Philopatry will favour the evolution of cooperative traits between members of the sedentary sex.

3,724 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1978-Nature
TL;DR: The first detailed evidence of inbreeding depression in a natural population is presented and support for the hypothesis that one function of dispersal between birth and breeding sites is to reduce an individual's chance of in breeding is supported.
Abstract: IN populations which normally outbreed, matings between close relatives can result in a decrease in the viability and fertility of their offspring. Such inbreeding depression has been shown in a number of laboratory studies of insects1, birds2 and mammals3. We present here the first detailed evidence of inbreeding depression in a natural population and support for the hypothesis4 that one function of dispersal between birth and breeding sites is to reduce an individual's chance of inbreeding.

246 citations

Book
31 Jul 1987
TL;DR: The author examines the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in birds and mammals with a 'hot-blooded' hypothesis and natural selection and the evolutionary ecology of sex allocation.
Abstract: Part I. Population Genetics and Evolution Theory: 1. Population genetics R. C. Lewontin 2. Somatic mutations as an evolutionary force M. Slatkin 3. The flow of genes through a genetic barrier B. O. Bengtsson 4. Intraspecific resource competition as a cause of sympatric speciation J. Seger 5. Darwinian evolution in ecosystems: the Red Queen view N. C. Stenseth 6. Game theory and animal behaviour G. A. Parker and P. Hammerstein 7. Behavioural structure and the evolution of cooperation R. E. Michod and M. J. Sanderson Part II. Adaptations, Constraints and Patterns of Evolution: 8. Evolutionary ecology and John Maynard Smith R. M. May 9. The evolution of senescence M. R. Rose 10. Germination strategies J. A. Leon 11. When plants play the field J. Silvertown 12. Homage to the null weasel P. H. Harvey and K. Ralls 13. Asymmetric contests in social mammals: respect, manipulation and age-specific aspects C. Packer and A. Pusey 14. Functions of communal care in mammals J. L. Gittleman Part III. the Evolutionary Ecology of Sex: 15. Recombination and sex: is Maynard Smith necessary? J. Felsenstein 16. Birth sex ratios and the reproductive success of sons and daughters T. H. Clutton-Brock 17. Distribution of dioecy and self-incompatibility in angiosperms D. Charlesworth 18. Natural selection and the evolutionary ecology of sex allocation E. L. Charnov 19. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in birds and mammals: a 'hot-blooded' hypothesis P. J. Greenwood and P. Wheeler 20. Leks and the unanimity of female choice J. W. Bradbury, S. L. Vehrencamp and R. Gibson.

130 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that the direction of the sex bias is a consequence of the type of mating system, and Philopatry will favour the evolution of cooperative traits between members of the sedentary sex.

3,724 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The evidence that the evolution of breeding systems of animals and plants has been significantly influenced by the occurrence of inbreeding depression is reviewed, and the contemporary genetic theory of inmarriage depression and heterosis and the experimental data concerning the strength of in breeding depression are considered.
Abstract: The harmful effects of close inbreeding have been noticed for many centuries (34, 35, 165). With the rise of Mendelian genetics, it was realized that the main genetic consequence of inbreeding is homozygosis (165, Ch. 2). Two main theories were early proposed to account for inbreeding depression and its converse, heterosis (the increase in vigor observed in an F1 between two inbred lines). These are the overdominance and partial dominance hypotheses, discussed in more detail below. Research into this question has continued up to the present, and this is one of the topics that we discuss. Darwin (35, 36) was the first to point out that the evident adaptations of many plants for ensuring outcrossing could be understood in terms of the selective advantage of avoiding inbreeding depression. We review the evidence that the evolution of breeding systems of animals and plants has been significantly influenced by the occurrence of inbreeding depression. In order to do this, we consider the contemporary genetic theory of inbreeding depression and heterosis, and the experimental data concerning the strength of inbreeding depression. We emphasize data and theory relevant to natural, rather than domesticated, populations as we are chiefly concerned to evaluate the evolutionary significance of inbreeding depression. We do not attempt to give a complete bibliography of this very extensive field but try to concentrate on what seem to be the most significant findings in relation to this aim.

3,135 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work reveals that levels of inbreeding depression vary across taxa, populations and environments, but are usually substantial enough to affect both individual and population performance.
Abstract: Whether inbreeding affects the demography and persistence of natural populations has been questioned. However, new pedigree data from field populations and molecular and analytical tools for tracing patterns of relationship and inbreeding have now enhanced our ability to detect inbreeding depression within and among wild populations. This work reveals that levels of inbreeding depression vary across taxa, populations and environments, but are usually substantial enough to affect both individual and population performance. Data from bird and mammal populations suggest that inbreeding depression often significantly affects birth weight, survival, reproduction and resistance to disease, predation and environmental stress. Plant studies, based mostly on comparing populations that differ in size or levels of genetic variation, also reveal significant inbreeding effects on seed set, germination, survival and resistance to stress. Data from butterflies, birds and plants demonstrate that populations with reduced genetic diversity often experience reduced growth and increased extinction rates. Crosses between such populations often result in heterosis. Such a genetic rescue effect might reflect the masking of fixed deleterious mutations. Thus, it might be necessary to retain gene flow among increasingly fragmented habitat patches to sustain populations that are sensitive to inbreeding.

2,945 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1975-Nature
TL;DR: The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex*.
Abstract: The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex *. By Michael T. Ghiselin. Pp. xii + 346. (University of California: Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, December 1974.) $12.05; £7.10.

2,034 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A haploid version of Levene's ‘soft selection’ model is developed as a specific example to demonstrate evolutionary dynamics and branching in monomorphic and polymorphic populations.
Abstract: Summary We present a general framework for modelling adaptive trait dynamics in which we integrate various concepts and techniques from modern ESS-theory The concept of evolutionarily singular strategies is introduced as a generalization of the ESS-concept We give a full classification of the singular strategies in terms of ESSstability, convergence stability, the ability of the singular strategy to invade other populations if initially rare itself, and the possibility of protected dimorphisms occurring within the singular strategy’s neighbourhood Of particular interest is a type of singular strategy that is an evolutionary attractor from a great distance, but once in its neighbourhood a population becomes dimorphic and undergoes disruptive selection leading to evolutionary branching Modelling the adaptive growth and branching of the evolutionary tree can thus be considered as a major application of the framework A haploid version of Levene’s ‘soft selection’ model is developed as a specific example to demonstrate evolutionary dynamics and branching in monomorphic and polymorphic populations

1,708 citations