Showing papers by "Paul Jackson published in 1995"
TL;DR: Overall, total antioxidant capacity of serum was increased in dialysis patients, but there was a marked reduction after hemodialysis, and depletion of key chain-breaking antioxidants may lead to accelerated atherogenesis.
Abstract: Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality in patients receiving hemodialysis for chronic renal failure. Increased lipid peroxidation and depletion of chain-breaking antioxidants may contribute to increased risk of atherosclerosis. We have therefore assessed the effect of a single episode of hemodialysis on antioxidant status in 22 patients and control subjects. Overall, total antioxidant capacity of serum was increased in dialysis patients, but there was a marked reduction after hemodialysis [571 +/- 31 vs 342 +/- 22 mumol/L Trolox (water-soluble vitamin E analog) equivalents, P < 0.001]. The increase in total antioxidant capacity before hemodialysis was almost entirely due to relatively high serum urate. Among individual chain-breaking antioxidants, dialysis led to a decrease in urate (398 +/- 15 vs 136 +/- 12 mumol/L, P < 0.001), ascorbate (10.5 +/- 1.7 vs 5.9 +/- 1.0 mumol/L, P < 0.01), and lipid-corrected tocopherol (4.70 +/- 0.56 vs 4.26 +/- 0.39 mumol/mmol cholesterol, P < 0.05). Protein thiol groups increased after dialysis (328 +/- 16 vs 422 +/- 22 mumol/L, P < 0.001), whereas albumin remained unchanged (40.1 +/- 1.1 vs 41.0 +/- 1.6 g/L, not significant). Although total antioxidant capacity of serum is increased in hemodialysis patients, depletion of key chain-breaking antioxidants may lead to accelerated atherogenesis.
233 citations
TL;DR: Holmes and Masuda as discussed by the authors constructed a Schedule of Recent Experiences (SRE) which not only asked whether subjects had experienced a specific event, but also asked on how many occasions that event was experienced.
Abstract: The literature on the effects of critical life-events on health and well-being has remained prolific since Holmes & Rahe’s (1967) formative work on their development of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Since then, credence has generally been given to the view that favourable perceptions of major life-events may evoke different reactions to those viewed negatively. The original premise made no distinction between uplifts and downfalls, and viewed individuals as passsive homogeneous victims of life’s ‘slings and arrows’, without any volition to act on the environment which caused such hardship. Holmes & Masuda (1974) developed this work further and constructed their ‘Schedule of Recent Experiences’ (SRE) which not only asked whether subjects had experienced a specific event, but also asked on how many occasions that event was experienced. The likelihood of more extreme events occurring on more than one occasion in the recent past are rare (e.g. death of a spouse). The underlying proposition behind this seminal work, that major changes in our daily lives are shown to increase the probability of illness, has yet to be effectively disconfirmed (Bhagat 1983, Billings & Moos, 1982).
221 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide further evidence concerning these measures, based on the responses of nearly 1700 employees from five separate samples, and investigate the applicability of the underlying five-factor measurement model on two new samples.
Abstract: Current approaches to job design and job stress, and their application in the context of new manufacturing technologies and practices, call for new widely applicable measures of job properties. In response to this need, Jackson, Wall, Martin and Davids (1993) described the development of new scales of timing control, method control, monitoring demand, problem-solving demand and production responsibility. This article provides further evidence concerning these measures, based on the responses of nearly 1700 employees from five separate samples. The evidence includes: investigation through confirmatory factor analysis of the applicability of the underlying five-factor measurement model on two new samples; improvement of the problem-solving demand scale; a test of the replicability of the measurement model by formal factorial invariance tests across four samples; additional information on scale reliability and construct validity; and normative data for a wide range of shopfloor and related jobs.
152 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a two-phase quantitative investigation of the effects of the introduction of just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing practices on shopfloor work, finding that the early introduction of core JIT practices and associated layout changes were associated with no change in existing levels of employee autonomy and job demands; statistically significant increases in collective autonomy over the timing of group tasks; positive changes in group climate measures and increases in levels of job satisfaction.
Abstract: Describes a two‐phase quantitative investigation of the effects of the introduction of just‐in‐time (JIT) manufacturing practices on shopfloor work. Results show that the introduction of product‐based manufacturing, incorporating strong elements of total quality management (TQM), was associated with: increases in employee autonomy; increases in some job demands; and no change in measures of social climate and employee wellbeing. The later introduction of core JIT practices and associated layout changes were associated with: no change in existing levels of employee autonomy and job demands; statistically significant increases in collective autonomy over the timing of group tasks; positive changes in group climate measures and increases in levels of job satisfaction. No change in employee strain was observed following either phase of shopfloor reorganization. Suggests that reductions in employee autonomy, increased production pressure and employee stress are not universal concomitants of JIT manufacturing.
90 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of gender and partner support on the meaning, value and impact of purposive activity in a sample of 75 unemployed women and men with dependent children was examined, showing that respondents with supportive partners reported better relationship quality, lower severity of problems, and a lower incidence of use of both active and avoidance coping strategies.
Abstract: This study examines the ways in which partner support and gender mediate the individual's experience of active coping in unemployment. The results revealed the impact of gender and partner support upon the meaning, value and impact of purposive activity in a sample of 75 unemployed women and men with dependent children. In particular, respondents with supportive partners reported better relationship quality, lower severity of problems, and a lower incidence of use of both active and avoidance coping strategies and less reliance on the support of professionals. Overall, women reported poorer relationship quality; while lack of support from the partner had a much greater effect on women than on men. Unsupported women reported higher problem severity and a greater need for practical help outside the family. The results are discussed in the light of the need to elaborate the conceptual and relational underpinnings of proactivity in unemployment research.
40 citations