The computer code system PENELOPE (version 2008) performs Monte Carlo simulation of coupled
electron-photon transport in arbitrary materials for a wide energy range, from a few hundred eV to
about 1 GeV. Photon transport is simulated by means of the standard, detailed simulation scheme.
Electron and positron histories are generated on the basis of a mixed procedure, which combines
detailed simulation of hard events with condensed simulation of soft interactions. A geometry package
called PENGEOM permits the generation of random electron-photon showers in material systems
consisting of homogeneous bodies limited by quadric surfaces, i.e., planes, spheres, cylinders, etc. This
report is intended not only to serve as a manual of the PENELOPE code system, but also to provide the
user with the necessary information to understand the details of the Monte Carlo algorithm.

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PENELOPE-2006: A Code System for Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron and Photon Transport

Bremsstrahlung Cross-Section Formulas and Related Data

This self-contained, comprehensive book describes the fundamental properties of soft x-rays and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation and discusses their applications in a wide variety of fields, including EUV lithography for semiconductor chip manufacture and soft x-ray biomicroscopy. The author begins by presenting the relevant basic principles such as radiation and scattering, wave propagation, diffraction, and coherence. He then goes on to examine a broad range of phenomena and applications. The topics covered include EUV lithography, biomicroscopy, spectromicroscopy, EUV astronomy, synchrotron radiation, and soft x-ray lasers. He also provides a great deal of useful reference material such as electron binding energies, characteristic emission lines and photo-absorption cross-sections. The book will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in engineering, physics, chemistry, and the life sciences. It will also appeal to practicing engineers involved in semiconductor fabrication and materials science.

X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation: Principles and Applications

It's not surprisingly when entering this site to get the book. One of the popular books now is the synchrotron radiation research. You may be confused because you can't find the book in the book store around your city. Commonly, the popular book will be sold quickly. And when you have found the store to buy the book, it will be so hurt when you run out of it. This is why, searching for this popular book in this website will give you benefit. You will not run out of this book.

Synchrotron Radiation Research

Als Optiken zur Rontgenstrahlmikroskopie eignen sich Systeme von total-reflektierenden Spiegeln, die bei Hebung der spharischen Aberration fur einen Achsenpunkt zugleich die Abbesche Sinusbedingung bis zu Aperturen 0,05 befriedigend erfullen. Fur die Lebenduntersuchung biologischer Objekte empfehlen sich Wellenlangen um 24 A, die im Wasser wenig, aber in kohlenstoffhaltigen oder stickstoffhaltigen Stoffen stark absorbiert werden. Mit diesen weichen Strahlen ist eine Steigerung des Auflosungsvermogens gegenuber dem Lichtmikroskop um mindestens eine Grosenordnung unter Verwendung der hier beschriebenen Optiken zu erwarten.

Spiegelsysteme streifenden Einfalls als abbildende Optiken für Röntgenstrahlen

Several conceivable methods for the formation of optical images by x-rays are considered, and a method employing concave mirrors is adopted as the most promising. A concave spherical mirror receiving radiation at grazing incidence (a necessary arrangement with x-rays) images a point into a line in accordance with a focal length f=Ri/2 where R is the radius of curvature and i the grazing angle. The image is subject to an aberration such that a ray reflected at the periphery of the mirror misses the focal point of central rays by a distance given approximately by S=1.5Mr2/R, where M is the magnification of the image and r is the radius of the mirror face. The theoretically possible resolving power is such as to resolve point objects separated by about 70A, a limit which is independent of the wave-length used. Point images of points and therefore extended images of extended objects may be produced by causing the radiation to reflect from two concave mirrors in series. Sample results are presented.

Formation of Optical Images by X-Rays

By the theory of Sommerfeld, relativity effects and retardation of potential being neglected, matrix elements and associated components of continuous spectrum x-radiation are computed for a variety of electron-nucleus collisions and for a distributed series of positions in the spectrum. The calculations cover values of $\frac{V}{{Z}^{2}}$ from 0.06128 to 3.356, where $Z$ is the atomic number of the nucleus, and $V$ is the bombardment potential in electrostatic units. Accuracy of calculation is 1 percent. Screening is neglected except at the long wave limit of the spectra where it is taken into account by Sauter's method. Empirical algebraic formulas are found which closely represent the rigorously calculated results. Intensity and polarization predictions for any direction of emission and any excitation conditions within the range of applicability of the theory may be readily drawn from the computed results. Elwert's proposed correction factor for rectifying the approximate spectral intensities of Sommerfeld and Maue is found effective within the limits of its restricting assumptions. Theoretical efficiencies of continuous x-ray production are calculated by combining theoretical intensities with known rates of electron energy loss in traversing matter. Thick target efficiency (a ratio, not percent) is given by $1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}Z$ kv. Thin target efficiency is found to be approximately twice the thick target efficiency for any given $Z$ and kv.

Theoretical Continuous X-Ray Energy and Polarization

Resolving power, preferred thickness and balance errors of Ross filters for x‐ray monochromatization are discussed. It is theoretically impossible to balance two filters of elementary composition because of scattering, L limits and K jump, even if the absorption coefficients of the two filters vary similarly with wave‐length between the limits, which is not known to be the case. It suffices, however, to obtain good balance for wave‐lengths near the pass band since others longer and shorter may be relatively reduced by pre‐filtration through a filter whose composition is the same as that of the high atomic number member of the balanced pair. The K jump balance error may be completely removed by adding a slightly absorbing filter of low atomic number to one member of the pair. By employing a specially designed ionization chamber Ross filters may be used simultaneously instead of alternately and a considerable gain in speed and accuracy achieved.

On the Theory and Use of Ross Filters

The Probability of K Ionization of Nickel by Electrons as a Function of Their Energy

The process of image formation by reconstructed wave fronts, brought to notice and placed upon a broad theoretical foundation through the writings of D. Gabor, is here discussed from a less abstract standpoint in an attempt to establish a satisfying conceptual explanation of the phenomena. The imperfections which the photographically recorded images ordinarily exhibit are accounted for and classified, and means for their removal are described. Sample reconstructions are presented.

Paul Kirkpatrick

Papers

Formation of Optical Images by X-Rays

Theoretical Continuous X-Ray Energy and Polarization

On the Theory and Use of Ross Filters

The Probability of K Ionization of Nickel by Electrons as a Function of Their Energy

Image Formation by Reconstructed Wave Fronts. I. Physical Principles and Methods of Refinement