scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Author

Penelope J. Oakes

Bio: Penelope J. Oakes is an academic researcher from Australian National University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Social identity theory & Ingroups and outgroups. The author has an hindex of 25, co-authored 37 publications receiving 15403 citations.

Papers
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a self-categorization theory is proposed to discover the social group and the importance of social categories in the analysis of social influence, and the Salience of social Categories is discussed.
Abstract: 1. Introducing the Problem: Individual and Group 2. Rediscovering the Social Group 3. A Self-Categorization Theory 4. The Analysis of Social Influence 5. Social Identity 6. The Salience of Social Categories 7. Social Identity and Group Polarization 8. Crowd Behaviour as Social Action 9. Conclusion.

8,872 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between the self and the collective is discussed from the perspective of self-categorization theory and it is shown how the emergent properties of group processes can be explained in terms of a shift in self perception from personal to social identity.
Abstract: The relationship between the self and the collective is discussed from the perspective of self-categorization theory Self-categorization theory makes a basic distinction between personal and social identity as different levels of self-categorization It shows how the emergent properties of group processes can be explained in terms of a shift in self perception from personal to social identity It also elucidates how self-categorization varies with the social context It argues that self-categorizing is inherently variable, fluid, and context dependent, as sedf-categories are social comparative and are always relative to a frame of reference This notion has major implications for accepted ways of thinking about the self: The variability of self-categorizing provides the perceiver with behavioral and cognitive flexibility and ensures that cognition is always shaped by the social context in which it takes place

1,914 citations

Book
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The Social Psychology of Stereotyping and Prejudice: A Critical Re-Examination as mentioned in this paper is a seminal work in the field of self-categorization, selective perception and stereotyping.
Abstract: Authors. Preface and Acknowledgements. Prologue. 1. Introduction: The Social Psychology of Stereotyping. 2. Early Approaches to Stereotypes and Prejudice. 3. Stereotyping as Information Processing Error: The Cognitive Emphasis. 4. Cognition and the Group: Social Identity and Self-Categorization. 5. Categorization, Selective Perception and Stereotyping: A Critical Re-Examination. 6. The Social Contextual Basis of Stereotypic Accentuation. 7. Outgroup Homogeneity and Illusory Correlation Revisited. 8. Politics, Prejudice and Myth in the Study of Stereotypes. References.

1,144 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the social identity concept represents a mechanism of social-psychological interaction and as such demonstrates that social psychology need not be an individualistic science, and it is argued that social identity concepts represent a functional interaction between psychological and social processes, in contrast to individualism.
Abstract: The distinctive metatheoretical and empirical significance of the social identity concept for social psychology is outlined with special reference to social influence and group polarization. ‘Individualism’ and ‘interactionism’ are summarized and contrasted as alternative metatheories of social psychology and it is argued that the social identity concept embodies the latter. A social identity theory of group behaviour (and the individual-group relationship) is introduced and from it are derived further theories of social influence and group polarization. The latter is explained as a special case of normal intragroup influence. It is shown how the social identity theory (theories) of group behaviour, social influence and group polarization explicitly assumes a functional interaction between psychological and social processes, in contrast to individualism, and at the same time generates distinctive, testable, empirical predictions. It is concluded that the social identity concept represents a mechanism of social-psychological interaction and as such demonstrates that social psychology need not be an individualistic science.

737 citations

Book
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The Social Psychology of Stereotyping and group life has been studied extensively in the literature, see as discussed by the authors for a survey of the literature on the subject. But the main focus of this paper is on the role of group identification in the formation of stereotypes.
Abstract: Acknowledgements. List of Contributors. 1. Introduction: The Social Psychology of Stereotyping and Group Life. Russell Spears, Penelope J. Oakes, Naomi Ellemers and S. Alexander Haslam. 2. Stereotypes as Explanations: A Subjective Essentialistic View of Group Perception. Vincent Yzerbyt, Steve Rocher and Georges Schadron. 3. Asking the Accuracy Question: Is Measurement the Answer?. Penelope J. Oakes and Katherine J. Reynolds. 4. Changing the Stereotype of the Stereotype. Stephen Worcel and Hank Rothgerber. 5. Stereotype Construction as a Strategy of Influence. Stephen Reicher, Nick Hopkins and Susan Condor. 6. Stereotyping and Social Influence: Foundations of Stereotype Consensus. S. Alemxander Haslam. 7. Stereotype Formation: Beyond Illusionary Correlation. Craig McGarty and Anne--Marie de la Haye. 8. Stereotyping and the Burden of Cognitive Load. Russell Spears and S. Alexander Haslam. 9. Stereotyping in Social Context. Naomi Ellemers and Ad van Knippenberg. 10. Categorization, Recategorization and Common Ingroup Identity. Phyllis Anatasio, Betty Bachman, Samuel Gaertner and John Dovidio. 11. Stereotyping under Threat: The Role of Group Identification. Bertjan Doosje and Naomi Ellemers. 12. Interdependence, Social Identity and Discrimination. Richrad Y. Bourhis, John C. Turner and Andre Gagnon. 13. The Self--esteem Hypothesis Revisited: Differentiation and the Disaffected. Karen Long and Russell Spears. 14. Self and Group in Modern Society: Ten Theses on the Individual Self and the Collective Self. Bernd Simon. 15. Commentary: Individual, Group and System Levels of Aanlysis and their Relevance for Stereotyping and Intergroup Relations. Charles Stangor and John T. Jost. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

434 citations


Cited by
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors addressed the nature and functioning of relationships of interpersonal trust among managers and professionals in organizations, the factors influencing trust's development, and the implications of trust for behavior and performance.
Abstract: This study addressed the nature and functioning of relationships of interpersonal trust among managers and professionals in organizations, the factors influencing trust's development, and the implications of trust for behavior and performance Theoretical foundations were drawn from the sociological literature on trust and the social-psychological literature on trust in close relationships An initial test of the proposed theoretical framework was conducted in a field setting with 194 managers and professionals

6,473 citations

01 May 1997
TL;DR: Coaching & Communicating for Performance Coaching and communicating for Performance is a highly interactive program that will give supervisors and managers the opportunity to build skills that will enable them to share expectations and set objectives for employees, provide constructive feedback, more effectively engage in learning conversations, and coaching opportunities as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Building Leadership Effectiveness This program encourages leaders to develop practices that transform values into action, vision into realities, obstacles into innovations, and risks into rewards. Participants will be introduced to the five practices of exemplary leadership: modeling the way, inspiring a shared vision, challenging the process, enabling others to act, and encouraging the heart Coaching & Communicating for Performance Coaching & Communicating for Performance is a highly interactive program that will give supervisors and managers the opportunity to build skills that will enable them to share expectations and set objectives for employees, provide constructive feedback, more effectively engage in learning conversations, and coaching opportunities. Skillful Conflict Management for Leaders As a leader, it is important to understand conflict and be effective at conflict management because the way conflict is resolved becomes an integral component of our university’s culture. This series of conflict management sessions help leaders learn and put into practice effective strategies for managing conflict.

4,935 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The chapter proposes four processes: learning about the outgroup, changed behavior, affective ties, and ingroup reappraisal, and distinguishes between essential and facilitating factors, and emphasizes different outcomes for different stages of contact.
Abstract: Allport specified four conditions for optimal intergroup contact: equal group status within the situation, common goals, intergroup cooperation and authority support. Varied research supports the hypothesis, but four problems remain. 1. A selection bias limits cross-sectional studies, since prejudiced people avoid intergroup contact. Yet research finds that the positive effects of cross-group friendship are larger than those of the bias. 2. Writers overburden the hypothesis with facilitating, but not essential, conditions. 3. The hypothesis fails to address process. The chapter proposes four processes: learning about the outgroup, changed behavior, affective ties, and ingroup reappraisal. 4. The hypothesis does not specify how the effects generalize to other situations, the outgroup or uninvolved outgroups. Acting sequentially, three strategies enhance generalizationodecategorization, salient categorization, and recategorization. Finally, both individual differences and societal norms shape intergroup contact effects. The chapter outlines a longitudinal intergroup contact theory. It distinguishes between essential and facilitating factors, and emphasizes different outcomes for different stages of contact.

4,873 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Bergami et al. developed a model to explain how images of one's work organization shape the strength of his or her identification with the organization and how members assess the attractiveness of these images by how well the image preserves the continuity of their self-concept, provides distinctiveness, and enhances self-esteem.
Abstract: We thank Massimo Bergami, Arthur Brief, Mason Carpenter, Brian Golden, Frances Hauge, Rod Kramer, Sharon Lobel, Reuben McDaniel, Debra Meyerson, Wendy Penner, Sandy Piderit, Linda Pike, Mlchael Pratt, Robert Quinn, Anat Rafaeli, Lance Sandelands, Bob Sutton, David Whetten, Batia Wiesenfeld, and three anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts of this paper. We develop a model to explain how images of one's work organization shape the strength of his or her identification with the organization. We focus on two key organizational images: one based on what a member believes is distinctive, central, and enduring about his or her organization and one based on a member's beliefs about what outsiders think about the organization. According to the model, members assess the attractiveness of these images by how well the image preserves the continuity of their self-concept, provides distinctiveness, and enhances self-esteem. The model leads to a number of propositions about how organizational identification affects members' patterns of social interaction.'

4,469 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model of optimal distinctiveness is proposed in which social identity is viewed as a reconciliation of opposing needs for assimilation and differentiation from others, and individuals avoid self-construals that are either too personalized or too inclusive and instead define themselves in terms of distinctive category memberships.
Abstract: Mfost of social psychology's theories of the self fail to take into account the significance of social identification in the definition of self. Social identities are self-definitions that are more inclusive than the individuated self-concept of most American psychology. A model of optimal distinctiveness is proposed in which social identity is viewed as a reconciliation of opposing needs for assimilation and differentiation from others. According to this model, individuals avoid self-construals that are either too personalized or too inclusive and instead define themselves in terms of distinctive category memberships. Social identity and group loyalty are hypothesized to be strongest for those self-categorizations that simultaneously provide for a sense of belonging and a sense of distinctiveness. Results from an initial laboratory experiment support the prediction that depersonalization and group size interact as determinants of the strength of social identification.

4,278 citations