Author
Peng T. Khaw
Other affiliations: University of London, University College London, University of Florida ...read more
Bio: Peng T. Khaw is an academic researcher from UCL Institute of Ophthalmology. The author has contributed to research in topics: Glaucoma & Intraocular pressure. The author has an hindex of 76, co-authored 394 publications receiving 20611 citations. Previous affiliations of Peng T. Khaw include University of London & University College London.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: Improvements in therapy consist of more effective and better-tolerated drugs to lower intraocular pressure, and more effective surgical procedures to directly treat and protect the retinal ganglion cells that are damaged in glaucoma.
1,843 citations
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TL;DR: A novel deep learning architecture performs device-independent tissue segmentation of clinical 3D retinal images followed by separate diagnostic classification that meets or exceeds human expert clinical diagnoses of retinal disease.
Abstract: The volume and complexity of diagnostic imaging is increasing at a pace faster than the availability of human expertise to interpret it. Artificial intelligence has shown great promise in classifying two-dimensional photographs of some common diseases and typically relies on databases of millions of annotated images. Until now, the challenge of reaching the performance of expert clinicians in a real-world clinical pathway with three-dimensional diagnostic scans has remained unsolved. Here, we apply a novel deep learning architecture to a clinically heterogeneous set of three-dimensional optical coherence tomography scans from patients referred to a major eye hospital. We demonstrate performance in making a referral recommendation that reaches or exceeds that of experts on a range of sight-threatening retinal diseases after training on only 14,884 scans. Moreover, we demonstrate that the tissue segmentations produced by our architecture act as a device-independent representation; referral accuracy is maintained when using tissue segmentations from a different type of device. Our work removes previous barriers to wider clinical use without prohibitive training data requirements across multiple pathologies in a real-world setting.
1,665 citations
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TL;DR: Current projections of glaucoma prevalence among ethnic Chinese are a substantial underestimate, according to a disproportionate, stratified, clustered, random-sampling procedure used in Singapore.
Abstract: Background Data on prevalence of glaucoma in East Asia are scarce. Objective To determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of glaucoma in adult Chinese Singaporeans. Methods A group of 2000 Chinese people, aged 40 to 79 years, were selected from the electoral register of Tanjong Pagar district in Singapore using a disproportionate, stratified, clustered, random-sampling procedure. Glaucoma was diagnosed in people with an excavated optic neuropathy and a reproducible visual field defect or on the basis of severe structural disc abnormality alone, if reliable field results could not be obtained. The diagnosis was also made in blind subjects with raised intraocular pressure or previous glaucoma surgery. Results Of 1717 eligible subjects, 1232 were examined, with a response rate of 71.8%. There were 45 cases of glaucoma: 27 were men and 18 were women. The main diagnoses were primary open-angle glaucoma (n = 22 [49%]), primary angle-closure glaucoma (n = 14 [31%]), and secondary glaucoma (n = 7 [16%]). It was not possible to determine the mechanism in 2 (4%). Conclusions The age-standardized prevalence of glaucoma was 3.2% (95% confidence interval, 2.3-4.1) in the population 40 years and older. Glaucoma was the leading cause of blindness. Primary angle-closure glaucoma and secondary glaucoma were the most visually destructive forms of the disease. Our findings suggest current projections of glaucoma prevalence among ethnic Chinese are a substantial underestimate.
632 citations
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National Institute for Health Research1, University of London2, University of Auckland3, Anglia Ruskin University4, University of Cambridge5, Queen's University Belfast6, Sun Yat-sen University7, The Fred Hollows Foundation8, Mbarara University of Science and Technology9, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare10, University of Geneva11, St Thomas' Hospital12, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust13, Southwest University of Visual Arts14, Orbis International15, International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness16, University of Cape Town17, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust18, University of Michigan19, Emory University20, Johns Hopkins University21, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary22, University of São Paulo23, University of Nairobi24, Seva Foundation25, Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology26, Heidelberg University27, The George Institute for Global Health28, University of New South Wales29, L V Prasad Eye Institute30, College of Health Sciences, Bahrain31, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences32, International Institute of Minnesota33, University of the West Indies34, University of Melbourne35, Kenya Medical Training College36, Federal University of São Paulo37, Capital Medical University38, National University of Singapore39, Singapore National Eye Center40, Pan American Health Organization41, Brien Holden Vision Institute42, University of Calabar43
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors defined eye health as maximised vision, ocular health, and functional ability, thereby contributing to overall health and wellbeing, social inclusion, and quality of life.
435 citations
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TL;DR: POAG was more common than PACG in this southern Chinese population, with rates similar to those reported in Chinese Singaporeans, indicating that there is a large burden of glaucoma in the Chinese people.
Abstract: PURPOSE. To assess the prevalence and mechanism of glaucoma in adults living in an urban area of southern China.METHODS. Random clustering sampling was used to identify adults aged 50 years and over in Liwan District, Guangzhou. Glaucoma was diagnosed with the ISGEO (International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology) classification scheme. All subjects underwent gonioscopy.RESULTS. In the study, 1504 subjects (75.3% participation rate) were examined, with a crude prevalence of all glaucoma of 3.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8%-4.8%). Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) was found in 2.1% (95% CI, 1.4% 2.8%) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) in 1.5% (95% CI, 0.8%-2.1%). The prevalence of all glaucoma was significantly higher in older people and men.CONCLUSIONS. POAG was more common than PACG in this southern Chinese population, with rates similar to those reported in Chinese Singaporeans. The age-adjusted rate of POAG was similar to that found in European-derived populations, but PACG was more common among Chinese, indicating that there is a large burden of glaucoma in the Chinese people.
360 citations
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TL;DR: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, disproportionately affecting women and Asians, and it will be 60.5 million people with OAG and ACG in 2010, increasing to 79.6 million by 2020, and of these, 74% will have OAG.
Abstract: Aim: To estimate the number of people with open angle (OAG) and angle closure glaucoma (ACG) in 2010 and 2020. Methods: A review of published data with use of prevalence models. Data from population based studies of age specific prevalence of OAG and ACG that satisfied standard definitions were used to construct prevalence models for OAG and ACG by age, sex, and ethnicity, weighting data proportional to sample size of each study. Models were combined with UN world population projections for 2010 and 2020 to derive the estimated number with glaucoma. Results: There will be 60.5 million people with OAG and ACG in 2010, increasing to 79.6 million by 2020, and of these, 74% will have OAG. Women will comprise 55% of OAG, 70% of ACG, and 59% of all glaucoma in 2010. Asians will represent 47% of those with glaucoma and 87% of those with ACG. Bilateral blindness will be present in 4.5 million people with OAG and 3.9 million people with ACG in 2010, rising to 5.9 and 5.3 million people in 2020, respectively. Conclusions: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, disproportionately affecting women and Asians.
6,308 citations
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future.
Abstract: Summary Background Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Findings 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.
4,408 citations
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TL;DR: The global prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glauComa (PACG) and the number of affected people in 2020 and 2040 are examined, disproportionally affecting people residing in Asia and Africa.
4,318 citations
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TL;DR: It is clear that the understanding of the myofibroblast — its origins, functions and molecular regulation — will have a profound influence on the future effectiveness not only of tissue engineering but also of regenerative medicine generally.
Abstract: During the past 20 years, it has become generally accepted that the modulation of fibroblastic cells towards the myofibroblastic phenotype, with acquisition of specialized contractile features, is essential for connective-tissue remodelling during normal and pathological wound healing. Yet the myofibroblast still remains one of the most enigmatic of cells, not least owing to its transient appearance in association with connective-tissue injury and to the difficulties in establishing its role in the production of tissue contracture. It is clear that our understanding of the myofibroblast its origins, functions and molecular regulation will have a profound influence on the future effectiveness not only of tissue engineering but also of regenerative medicine generally.
3,836 citations
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TL;DR: The members of the MMP family are introduced and their domain structure and function, proenyme activation, the mechanism of inhibition by TIMPs and their significance in physiology and pathology are discussed.
Abstract: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also called matrixins, function in the extracellular environment of cells and degrade both matrix and non-matrix proteins. They play central roles in morphogenesis, wound healing, tissue repair and remodelling in response to injury, e.g. after myocardial infarction, and in progression of diseases such as atheroma, arthritis, cancer and chronic tissue ulcers. They are multi-domain proteins and their activities are regulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). This review introduces the members of the MMP family and discusses their domain structure and function, proenyme activation, the mechanism of inhibition by TIMPs and their significance in physiology and pathology.
2,929 citations