Author
Penglin Ye
Bio: Penglin Ye is an academic researcher from Carnegie Mellon University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Nucleation & Cloud condensation nuclei. The author has an hindex of 21, co-authored 27 publications receiving 2629 citations.
Topics: Nucleation, Cloud condensation nuclei, Particle, Aerosol, Sulfuric acid
Papers
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Goethe University Frankfurt1, CERN2, University of Helsinki3, Paul Scherrer Institute4, University of Beira Interior5, University of Innsbruck6, Carnegie Mellon University7, California Institute of Technology8, University of Leeds9, University of Eastern Finland10, University of Vienna11, Lebedev Physical Institute12, Finnish Meteorological Institute13, Kyoto University14, Helsinki Institute of Physics15, Stockholm University16, Leibniz Association17
TL;DR: The results show that, in regions of the atmosphere near amine sources, both amines and sulphur dioxide should be considered when assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities on particle formation.
Abstract: Nucleation of aerosol particles from trace atmospheric vapours is thought to provide up to half of global cloud condensation nuclei(1). Aerosols can cause a net cooling of climate by scattering sun ...
738 citations
Paul Scherrer Institute1, Carnegie Mellon University2, CERN3, Goethe University Frankfurt4, University of Helsinki5, Stockholm University6, ETH Zurich7, Earth System Research Laboratory8, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences9, California Institute of Technology10, Helsinki Institute of Physics11, University of Innsbruck12, University of Eastern Finland13, Finnish Meteorological Institute14, National Center for Atmospheric Research15, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology16, University of Leeds17, University of California, Irvine18, University of Vienna19, University of Beira Interior20
TL;DR: It is shown that organic vapours alone can drive nucleation, and a particle growth model is presented that quantitatively reproduces the measurements and implements a parameterization of the first steps of growth in a global aerosol model that can change substantially in response to concentrations of atmospheric cloud concentration nuclei.
Abstract: About half of present-day cloud condensation nuclei originate from atmospheric nucleation, frequently appearing as a burst of new particles near midday. Atmospheric observations show that the growth rate of new particles often accelerates when the diameter of the particles is between one and ten nanometres. In this critical size range, new particles are most likely to be lost by coagulation with pre-existing particles, thereby failing to form new cloud condensation nuclei that are typically 50 to 100 nanometres across. Sulfuric acid vapour is often involved in nucleation but is too scarce to explain most subsequent growth, leaving organic vapours as the most plausible alternative, at least in the planetary boundary layer. Although recent studies predict that low-volatility organic vapours contribute during initial growth, direct evidence has been lacking. The accelerating growth may result from increased photolytic production of condensable organic species in the afternoon, and the presence of a possible Kelvin (curvature) effect, which inhibits organic vapour condensation on the smallest particles (the nano-Kohler theory), has so far remained ambiguous. Here we present experiments performed in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions that investigate the role of organic vapours in the initial growth of nucleated organic particles in the absence of inorganic acids and bases such as sulfuric acid or ammonia and amines, respectively. Using data from the same set of experiments, it has been shown that organic vapours alone can drive nucleation. We focus on the growth of nucleated particles and find that the organic vapours that drive initial growth have extremely low volatilities (saturation concentration less than 10(-4.5) micrograms per cubic metre). As the particles increase in size and the Kelvin barrier falls, subsequent growth is primarily due to more abundant organic vapours of slightly higher volatility (saturation concentrations of 10(-4.5) to 10(-0.5) micrograms per cubic metre). We present a particle growth model that quantitatively reproduces our measurements. Furthermore, we implement a parameterization of the first steps of growth in a global aerosol model and find that concentrations of atmospheric cloud concentration nuclei can change substantially in response, that is, by up to 50 per cent in comparison with previously assumed growth rate parameterizations.
507 citations
Goethe University Frankfurt1, CERN2, Helsinki Institute of Physics3, University of Helsinki4, University of Leeds5, Paul Scherrer Institute6, University of Washington7, University of Innsbruck8, University of Lisbon9, ETH Zurich10, California Institute of Technology11, University of Eastern Finland12, Finnish Meteorological Institute13, Lebedev Physical Institute14, Stockholm University15, University of Vienna16, Leibniz Association17, University of Beira Interior18, Carnegie Mellon University19
TL;DR: Ion-induced nucleation of pure organic particles constitutes a potentially widespread source of aerosol particles in terrestrial environments with low sulfuric acid pollution.
Abstract: Atmospheric aerosols and their effect on clouds are thought to be important for anthropogenic radiative forcing of the climate, yet remain poorly understood. Globally, around half of cloud condensation nuclei originate from nucleation of atmospheric vapours. It is thought that sulfuric acid is essential to initiate most particle formation in the atmosphere, and that ions have a relatively minor role. Some laboratory studies, however, have reported organic particle formation without the intentional addition of sulfuric acid, although contamination could not be excluded. Here we present evidence for the formation of aerosol particles from highly oxidized biogenic vapours in the absence of sulfuric acid in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions. The highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) are produced by ozonolysis of α-pinene. We find that ions from Galactic cosmic rays increase the nucleation rate by one to two orders of magnitude compared with neutral nucleation. Our experimental findings are supported by quantum chemical calculations of the cluster binding energies of representative HOMs. Ion-induced nucleation of pure organic particles constitutes a potentially widespread source of aerosol particles in terrestrial environments with low sulfuric acid pollution.
502 citations
Goethe University Frankfurt1, University of Helsinki2, CERN3, University of Beira Interior4, Paul Scherrer Institute5, University of Innsbruck6, Carnegie Mellon University7, California Institute of Technology8, Finnish Meteorological Institute9, University of Eastern Finland10, Lebedev Physical Institute11, University of Vienna12, University of Leeds13
TL;DR: Measurements from the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets chamber reveal the formation of neutral particles containing up to 14 SA and 16 DMA molecules, corresponding to a mobility diameter of about 2 nm, under atmospherically relevant conditions, revealing the fundamental processes involved in particle formation and growth.
Abstract: For atmospheric sulfuric acid (SA) concentrations the presence of dimethylamine (DMA) at mixing ratios of several parts per trillion by volume can explain observed boundary layer new particle formation rates. However, the concentration and molecular composition of the neutral (uncharged) clusters have not been reported so far due to the lack of suitable instrumentation. Here we report on experiments from the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research revealing the formation of neutral particles containing up to 14 SA and 16 DMA molecules, corresponding to a mobility diameter of about 2 nm, under atmospherically relevant conditions. These measurements bridge the gap between the molecular and particle perspectives of nucleation, revealing the fundamental processes involved in particle formation and growth. The neutral clusters are found to form at or close to the kinetic limit where particle formation is limited only by the collision rate of SA molecules. Even though the neutral particles are stable against evaporation from the SA dimer onward, the formation rates of particles at 1.7-nm size, which contain about 10 SA molecules, are up to 4 orders of magnitude smaller compared with those of the dimer due to coagulation and wall loss of particles before they reach 1.7 nm in diameter. This demonstrates that neither the atmospheric particle formation rate nor its dependence on SA can simply be interpreted in terms of cluster evaporation or the molecular composition of a critical nucleus.
203 citations
TL;DR: The PQA-modified magnetite nanoparticles retained 100% biocidal efficiency against E. coli during eight exposure/collect/recycle procedures without washing with any solvents or water, making the nanoparticles easy to remove from water after antibacterial tests.
181 citations
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TL;DR: The current status and future perspectives in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are presented in this paper, with a special emphasis on mechanistic understanding of ATRP, recent synthetic and process development, and new controlled polymer architectures enabled by ATRP.
Abstract: Current status and future perspectives in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are presented. Special emphasis is placed on mechanistic understanding of ATRP, recent synthetic and process development, and new controlled polymer architectures enabled by ATRP. New hybrid materials based on organic/inorganic systems and natural/synthetic polymers are presented. Some current and forthcoming applications are described.
2,188 citations
TL;DR: Design, and Applications Shutao Wang,“, Kesong Liu, Xi Yao, and Lei Jiang*,†,‡,§ †Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, and ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science.
Abstract: Design, and Applications Shutao Wang,†,‡ Kesong Liu, Xi Yao, and Lei Jiang*,†,‡,§ †Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, and ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, BeiHang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong P6903, People’s Republic of China
1,218 citations
TL;DR: The state of the art in the field of antimicrobial polymeric systems during the last decade is described in this paper, where a classification of the different materials is carried out dividing basically those synthetic polymers that exhibit antimicrobial activity by themselves; those whose biocidal activity is conferred through their chemical modification; those that incorporate antimicrobial organic compounds with either low or high molecular weight; and those that involve the addition of active inorganic systems.
1,063 citations
TL;DR: This Perspective presents recent advances in macromolecular engineering enabled by ATRP with emphasis on various catalytic/initiation systems that use parts-per-million concentrations of Cu catalysts and can be run in environmentally friendly media, e.g., water.
Abstract: This Perspective presents recent advances in macromolecular engineering enabled by ATRP. They include the fundamental mechanistic and synthetic features of ATRP with emphasis on various catalytic/initiation systems that use parts-per-million concentrations of Cu catalysts and can be run in environmentally friendly media, e.g., water. The roles of the major components of ATRP—monomers, initiators, catalysts, and various additives—are explained, and their reactivity and structure are correlated. The effects of media and external stimuli on polymerization rates and control are presented. Some examples of precisely controlled elements of macromolecular architecture, such as chain uniformity, composition, topology, and functionality, are discussed. Syntheses of polymers with complex architecture, various hybrids, and bioconjugates are illustrated. Examples of current and forthcoming applications of ATRP are covered. Future challenges and perspectives for macromolecular engineering by ATRP are discussed.
985 citations