The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set of 18 reliable empirical finding is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions are summarized and evaluated in view of this critical evidence and the 2 major candidate theories ―relative speed of processing and automaticity of reading― are found to be wanting. It is concluded that recent theories placing the explanatory weight on parallel processing of the irrelevant and the relevant dimensions are likely to be more sucessful than are earlier theories attempting to locate a single bottleneck in attention

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Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the theoretical and empirical literature that addresses aging and discourse comprehension. A series of five studies guided by a particular working memory viewpoint regarding the formation of inferences during discourse processing is described in the chapter. Compensatory strategies may be used with different degrees of likelihood across the life span largely as a function of efficiency with which inhibitory mechanisms function because these largely determine the facility with which memory can be searched. The consequences for discourse comprehension in particular may be profound because the establishment of a coherent representation of a message hinges on the timely retrieval of information necessary to establish coreference among certain critical ideas. Discourse comprehension is an ideal domain for assessing limited capacity frameworks because most models of discourse processing assume that multiple components, demanding substantially different levels of cognitive resources, are involved. For example, access to a lexical representation from either a visual array or an auditory message is virtually capacity free.

Working Memory, Comprehension, and Aging: A Review and a New View

Automatic and effortful processes in memory.

The Prefrontal Cortex, Fifth Edition, provides users with a thoroughly updated version of this comprehensive work that has historically served as the classic reference on this part of the brain. The book offers a unifying, interdisciplinary perspective that is lacking in other volumes written about the frontal lobes, and is, once again, written by the award-winning author who discovered "memory cells," the physiological substrate of working memory. The fifth edition constitutes a comprehensive update, including all the major advances made on the physiology and cognitive neuroscience of the region since publication in 2008. All chapters have been fully revised, and the overview of prefrontal functions now interprets experimental data within the theoretical framework of the new paradigm of cortical structure and dynamics (the Cognit Paradigm), addressing the accompanying social, economic, and cultural implications. * Provides a distinctly interdisciplinary view of the prefrontal cortex, covering all major methodologies, from comparative anatomy to modern imaging* Unique analysis and synthesis of a large body of basic and clinical data on the subject (more than 2000 references)* Written by an award-winning author who discovered "memory cells," the physiological substrate of working memory* Synthesizes evidence that the prefrontal cortex constitutes a complex pre-adaptive system* Incorporates emerging study of the role of the frontal lobes in social, economic, and cultural adaptation

The prefrontal cortex

The purpose of this review is to extend the existing application of the frontal lobe hypothesis of cognitive aging beyond the limited work on inhibitory control (F. N. Dempster, 1992) to include memory processes supported by the prefrontal cortex. To establish a background for this analysis, I review existing models of prefrontal cortex function and present a synthesized model that includes a general function of temporal integration, supported by 4 specific processes: prospective memory, retrospective memory, interference control, and inhibition of prepotent responses. I found the frontal lobe hypothesis to perform well, with the exception of an inability to account for age-related declines in item recall and recognition memory, possibly a result of age-related declines in medial temporal function.

An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging.

(1962). Interference Effects of Stroop Color-Word Test in Childhood, Adulthood, and Aging. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 47-53.

Interference effects of Stroop color-word test in childhood, adulthood, and aging.

Studies in Physiognomic Perception: Iii. Effect of Directional Dynamics and Meaning-Induced Sets on Autokinetic Motions

Perception of verticality in middle and old age.

Perception of Part-whole Relationships in Middle and Old Age

(1960). Studies in Physiognomic Perception: VI. Differential Effects of Directional Dynamics of Pictured Objects on Real and Apparent Motion in Artists and Chemists. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 99-109.

Studies in Physiognomic Perception: VI. Differential Effects of Directional Dynamics of Pictured Objects on Real and Apparent Motion in Artists and Chemists

Peter E. Comalli

Papers

Interference effects of Stroop color-word test in childhood, adulthood, and aging.

Studies in Physiognomic Perception: Iii. Effect of Directional Dynamics and Meaning-Induced Sets on Autokinetic Motions

Perception of verticality in middle and old age.

Perception of Part-whole Relationships in Middle and Old Age

Studies in Physiognomic Perception: VI. Differential Effects of Directional Dynamics of Pictured Objects on Real and Apparent Motion in Artists and Chemists