Convergence of Probability Measures. By P. Billingsley. Chichester, Sussex, Wiley, 1968. xii, 253 p. 9 1/4“. 117s.

Convergence of Probability Measures

The author's preface gives an outline: "This book is about weakconvergence methods in metric spaces, with applications sufficient to show their power and utility. The Introduction motivates the definitions and indicates how the theory will yield solutions to problems arising outside it. Chapter 1 sets out the basic general theorems, which are then specialized in Chapter 2 to the space C[0, l ] of continuous functions on the unit interval and in Chapter 3 to the space D [0, 1 ] of functions with discontinuities of the first kind. The results of the first three chapters are used in Chapter 4 to derive a variety of limit theorems for dependent sequences of random variables. " The book develops and expands on Donsker's 1951 and 1952 papers on the invariance principle and empirical distributions. The basic random variables remain real-valued although, of course, measures on C[0, l ] and D[0, l ] are vitally used. Within this framework, there are various possibilities for a different and apparently better treatment of the material. More of the general theory of weak convergence of probabilities on separable metric spaces would be useful. Metrizability of the convergence is not brought up until late in the Appendix. The close relation of the Prokhorov metric and a metric for convergence in probability is (hence) not mentioned (see V. Strassen, Ann. Math. Statist. 36 (1965), 423-439; the reviewer, ibid. 39 (1968), 1563-1572). This relation would illuminate and organize such results as Theorems 4.1, 4.2 and 4.4 which give isolated, ad hoc connections between weak convergence of measures and nearness in probability. In the middle of p. 16, it should be noted that C*(S) consists of signed measures which need only be finitely additive if 5 is not compact. On p. 239, where the author twice speaks of separable subsets having nonmeasurable cardinal, he means "discrete" rather than "separable." Theorem 1.4 is Ulam's theorem that a Borel probability on a complete separable metric space is tight. Theorem 1 of Appendix 3 weakens completeness to topological completeness. After mentioning that probabilities on the rationals are tight, the author says it is an

Convergence of probability measures

Synchronization phenomena in large populations of interacting elements are the subject of intense research efforts in physical, biological, chemical, and social systems. A successful approach to the problem of synchronization consists of modeling each member of the population as a phase oscillator. In this review, synchronization is analyzed in one of the most representative models of coupled phase oscillators, the Kuramoto model. A rigorous mathematical treatment, specific numerical methods, and many variations and extensions of the original model that have appeared in the last few years are presented. Relevant applications of the model in different contexts are also included.

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The Kuramoto model: A simple paradigm for synchronization phenomena

关于Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential Equations的两个注解

(2002). Modelling Extremal Events for Insurance and Finance. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 97, No. 457, pp. 360-360.

Modelling Extremal Events for Insurance and Finance

1 Probability and Statistics- 2 Probability and Stochastic Processes- 3 Ito Stochastic Calculus- 4 Stochastic Differential Equations- 5 Stochastic Taylor Expansions- 6 Modelling with Stochastic Differential Equations- 7 Applications of Stochastic Differential Equations- 8 Time Discrete Approximation of Deterministic Differential Equations- 9 Introduction to Stochastic Time Discrete Approximation- 10 Strong Taylor Approximations- 11 Explicit Strong Approximations- 12 Implicit Strong Approximations- 13 Selected Applications of Strong Approximations- 14 Weak Taylor Approximations- 15 Explicit and Implicit Weak Approximations- 16 Variance Reduction Methods- 17 Selected Applications of Weak Approximations- Solutions of Exercises- Bibliographical Notes

Numerical Solution of Stochastic Differential Equations

Metric spaces of fuzzy sets

Fuzzy Sets Spaces of Subsets of Rn Compact Convex Subsets of Rn Set Valued Mappings Crisp Generalizations The Space En Metrics on En Compactness Criteria Generalizations Fuzzy Set Valued Mappings of Real Variables Fuzzy Random Variables Computational Methods Fuzzy Differential Equations Optimization Under Uncertainty Fuzzy Iterations and Image Processing.

Metric Spaces of Fuzzy Sets: Theory and Applications

1: Background on Probability and Statistics.- 1.1 Probability and Distributions.- 1.2 Random Number Generators.- 1.3 Moments and Conditional Expectations.- 1.4 Random Sequences.- 1.5 Testing Random Numbers.- 1.6 Markov Chains as Basic Stochastic Processes.- 1.7 Wiener Processes.- 2: Stochastic Differential Equations.- 2.1 Stochastic Integration.- 2.2 Stochastic Differential Equations.- 2.3 Stochastic Taylor Expansions.- 3: Introduction to Discrete Time Approximation.- 3.1 Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations.- 3.2 A Stochastic Discrete Time Simulation.- 3.3 Pathwise Approximation and Strong Convergence.- 3.4 Approximation of Moments and Weak Convergence.- 3.5 Numerical Stability.- 4: Strong Approximations.- 4.1 Strong Taylor Schemes.- 4.2 Explicit Strong Schemes.- 4.3 Implicit Strong Approximations.- 4.4 Simulation Studies.- 5: Weak Approximations.- 5.1 Weak Taylor Schemes.- 5.2 Explicit Weak Schemes and Extrapolation Methods.- 5.3 Implicit Weak Approximations.- 5.4 Simulation Studies.- 5.5 Variance Reducing Approximations.- 6: Applications.- 6.1 Visualization of Stochastic Dynamics.- 6.2 Testing Parametric Estimators.- 6.3 Filtering.- 6.4 Functional Integrals and Invariant Measures.- 6.5 Stochastic Stability and Bifurcation.- 6.6 Simulation in Finance.- References.- List of PC-Exercises.- Frequently Used Notations.

Numerical Solution of SDE Through Computer Experiments

The theory of nonautonomous dynamical systems in both of its formulations as processes and skew product flows is developed systematically in this book. The focus is on dissipative systems and nonautonomous attractors, in particular the recently introduced concept of pullback attractors. Linearization theory, invariant manifolds, Lyapunov functions, Morse decompositions and bifurcations for nonautonomous systems and set-valued generalizations are also considered as well as applications to numerical approximations, switching systems and synchronization. Parallels with corresponding theories of control and random dynamical systems are briefly sketched. With its clear and systematic exposition, many examples and exercises, as well as its interesting applications, this book can serve as a text at the beginning graduate level. It is also useful for those who wish to begin their own independent research in this rapidly developing area.

Peter E. Kloeden

Papers

Numerical Solution of Stochastic Differential Equations

Metric spaces of fuzzy sets

Metric Spaces of Fuzzy Sets: Theory and Applications

Numerical Solution of SDE Through Computer Experiments

Nonautonomous Dynamical Systems