This book describes and explains the fundamental physical processes involved in bubble dynamics and the phenomenon of cavitation. It is intended as a combination of a reference book for those scientists and engineers who work with cavitation or bubble dynamics and as a monograph for advanced students interested in some of the basic problems associated with this category of multiphase flows. A basic knowledge of fluid flow and heat transfer is assumed but otherwise the analytical methods presented are developed from basic principles.

The book begins with a chapter on nucleation and describes both the theory and observations of nucleation in flowing and non-flowing systems. The following three chapters provide a systematic treatment of the dynamics of the growth, collapse or oscillation of individual bubbles in otherwise quiescent liquids. Chapter 4 summarizes the state of knowledge of the motion of bubbles in liquids. Chapter 5 describes some of the phenomena which occur in homogeneous bubbly flows with particular emphasis on cloud cavitation and this is followed by a chapter summarizing some of the experiemntal observations of cavitating flows. The last chapter provides a review of the free streamline methods used to treat separated cavity flows with large attached cavities.

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Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics

Author(s): Vogel, Alfred; Venugopalan, Vasan | Abstract: The mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues were studied. The transiently empty space created between the fiber tip and the tissue surface improved the optical transmission to the target and thus increased the ablation efficiency. It was found that the structure and morphology also affect the energy transport among tissue constituents.

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Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues.

Models for predicting flow pattern transitions during steady gas-liquid flow in vertical tubes are developed, based on physical mechanisms suggested for each transition. These models incorporate the effect of fluid properties and pipe size and thus are largely free of the limitations of empirically based transition maps or correlations.

Modelling flow pattern transitions for steady upward gas-liquid flow in vertical tubes

Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves

Suspended nanoparticles in conventional fluids, called nanofluids, have been the subject of intensive study worldwide since pioneering researchers recently discovered the anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The enhanced thermal conductivity of these fluids with small-particle concentration was surprising and could not be explained by existing theories. Micrometer-sized particle-fluid suspensions exhibit no such dramatic enhancement. This difference has led to studies of other modes of heat transfer and efforts to develop a comprehensive theory. This article presents an exhaustive review of these studies and suggests a direction for future developments. The review and suggestions could be useful because the literature in this area is spread over a wide range of disciplines, including heat transfer, material science, physics, chemical engineering and synthetic chemistry.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01457630600904593

Heat Transfer in Nanofluids—A Review

On bubble growth rates

The mechanism of heat transfer in nucleate pool boiling—Part I: Bubble initiaton, growth and departure

Entrance effects can persist for great lengths, L/D = 300, and long times, in developing two phase flows. Wall shear stresses at moderate and low velocities contribute only slightiy to the pressure drop in slug flows. Bubblerise velocities in slug flow are quite sensitive to the velocity profile in the water ahead of the bubbles. The effect of wall shear stress manifests itself pnimarily through the velocity profiles. Pressure drop, density, slug length, bubble length and fluctuation pressure drops, and frequencies can be calculated for fully developed slug flow with gocd accuracy.

Two-Phase Slug Flow

Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1963.

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Two phase flow in capillary tubes

Nucleation from a single cavity was studied indicating that cavity geometry is important in two ways. The mouth diameter determines the superheat needed to initiate boiling and its shape determines its stability once boiling has begun. Contact angle is shown to be important in babble nucleation primarily through its effect on cavity stability. Contact angle measurements made on''clean'' and paraffin coated stainless steel surfaces with water show that the contact angle varies between 20 and 110 deg for temperatures from 20 to 17O deg C. On the basis of single cavity nucleation theory, it is proposed to characterize the gross nucleation properties of a given surface for all fiuids under all conditions with a single group having the dimensions of length. Finally, it is shown experimentally that this characterization is adequate by boiling water, methanol and ethanol different copper surfaces finished with 3/0 emery, and showing that the number of active centers per unlt area is a function of this variable alone. (auth)

Peter Griffith

Papers

On bubble growth rates

The mechanism of heat transfer in nucleate pool boiling—Part I: Bubble initiaton, growth and departure

Two-Phase Slug Flow

Two phase flow in capillary tubes

The role of surface conditions in nucleate boiling