Peter Sergeant

Bio: Peter Sergeant is an academic researcher from Ghent University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Stator & Magnet. The author has an hindex of 27, co-authored 276 publications receiving 2871 citations. Previous affiliations of Peter Sergeant include Katholieke Universiteit Leuven & Core Laboratories.

Inductive coupler for contactless power transmission

Abstract: To provide power to a moving vehicle without using contacts, a transformer is presented, consisting of a fixed primary winding inductively coupled to a moving secondary winding. The primary winding along the whole trajectory of motion is configured such that its magnetic stray field and its self inductance are limited. This winding transfers power to the moving coupler containing the yoke and the secondary winding. The secondary winding is a resonant circuit, with a rectifier and the motor of the vehicle as load. To describe the energy transmission system, a numerical model is developed that combines an electrical circuit with a 2D nonlinear finite element model. This model is used for an optimisation of the design. For the optimised configuration, an experimental setup is built to validate the model by measurements. A sensitivity analysis is carried out concerning the primary current, the supply frequency, the position of the secondary winding relative to the primary winding and the number of vehicles coupled with the primary winding.

Optimized Design Considering the Mass Influence of an Axial Flux Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator With Concentrated Pole Windings

Abstract: In this paper, the efficiency optimization of an axial flux permanent-magnet synchronous generator with concentrated pole windings is examined for a 3.6 kW/2000 rpm combined heat and power application. Because the efficiency of the machine is important, specific measures are taken in order to reduce losses in the machine: thin laminated grain oriented material in the teeth, concentrated pole windings, and segmented magnets. A study of the influence of a limited set of geometry parameters on the efficiency of this type of machine is done, using both analytical and finite-element methods. In the analytical as well as in the finite-element model, the inherent 3-D geometry of the axial flux machine is approximated by multiple 2-D models at different radii in circumferential direction. Afterwards, the influence of mass on the optimal values of the geometry parameters and the efficiency is considered, and it is found that mass can be seriously decreased with only a small reduction in efficiency. Finally, the results of both methods are compared with measurements on a prototype to evaluate their validity.

Analytical Modeling of Surface PMSM Using a Combined Solution of Maxwell–s Equations and Magnetic Equivalent Circuit

Abstract: This paper presents a complete analytical model for surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). A new simple and fast technique was developed to obtain accurate results in the calculation of machine parameters electromotive force (EMF), torque, and losses. This technique is based upon the combined solution of two models. The first model generates an exact solution of Maxwell's equations in the air gap area applied to a very simple geometry. The second model gives an accurate solution in the detailed parts with complex geometry, based on a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) to obtain fast and accurate results in a simple way. The machine's global quantities are then obtained and validated using the results of a finite element model (FEM) for different loading conditions and geometries. Compared with FEM, the proposed combined solution has the advantage of flexibility in the geometrical machine parameters, significantly less CPU time and an accuracy for the considered PMSM up to 4.85% in the EMF, 4.41% in the torque, and 4.44% in the iron losses. Finally, the relation between grid refinement in the MEC (coarse or fine grid of reluctances) and accuracy is pointed out, showing that the EMF can be accurately computed with a rather coarse grid, while accurate loss computation requires a fine grid.

Segmentation of Magnets to Reduce Losses in Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines

Abstract: This paper studies the losses in the magnets of a permanent-magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with surface magnets caused by square voltage pulse width modulation (PWM) waveforms. First, the conductivity of the magnets is determined. Second, the effect of segmentation on the losses is calculated by a 3-D time-harmonic finite element model for sinusoidal waveforms. More segmentation of the magnets in axial and circumferential direction results in much lower losses in the magnets, but more losses in the massive rotor yoke. In a third step, the losses are simulated and measured on an experimental PMSM for square waveforms generated by PWM. Superposition of appropriate sinusoidal losses obtained by a time-harmonic FEM seems to be acceptable in order to predict losses in a PMSM for square voltage waveforms.

Comparison of Iron Loss Models for Electrical Machines With Different Frequency Domain and Time Domain Methods for Excess Loss Prediction

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to investigate the accuracy of modeling the excess loss in electrical steels using a time domain model with Bertotti's loss model parameters n 0 and V 0 fitted in the frequency domain. Three variants of iron loss models based on Bertotti's theory are compared for the prediction of iron losses under sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal flux conditions. The non-sinusoidal waveforms are based on the realistic time variation of the magnetic induction in the stator core of an electrical machine, obtained from a finite element-based machine model.

Review of Battery Charger Topologies, Charging Power Levels, and Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Abstract: This paper reviews the current status and implementation of battery chargers, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles and hybrids. Charger systems are categorized into off-board and on-board types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow. Unidirectional charging limits hardware requirements and simplifies interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging supports battery energy injection back to the grid. Typical on-board chargers restrict power because of weight, space, and cost constraints. They can be integrated with the electric drive to avoid these problems. The availability of charging infrastructure reduces on-board energy storage requirements and costs. On-board charger systems can be conductive or inductive. An off-board charger can be designed for high charging rates and is less constrained by size and weight. Level 1 (convenience), Level 2 (primary), and Level 3 (fast) power levels are discussed. Future aspects such as roadbed charging are presented. Various power level chargers and infrastructure configurations are presented, compared, and evaluated based on amount of power, charging time and location, cost, equipment, and other factors.

Art of electronics

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Development of a Single-Sided Flux Magnetic Coupler for Electric Vehicle IPT Charging Systems

Abstract: Inductive power transfer is a practical method for recharging electric vehicles because it is safe, convenient, and reliable. The performance of the magnetic couplers that transfer power determines the overall feasibility of a complete system. Circular couplers are the most common topology in the literature; however, they have fundamentally limited coupling. Their flux patterns necessarily limit the operational air gap as well as tolerance to horizontal misalignment. A new polarized coupler topology [referred to as a double D (DD)] is presented, which overcomes these difficulties. DDs provide a charge zone five times larger than that possible with circular pads for a similar material cost and are smaller. A 0.31-m2 DD enables 2 kW of power transfer over an oval area measuring 540 mm × 800 mm with a 200-mm air gap. Leakage magnetic fields have been investigated and show that circular and DD couplers operating under similar power transfer conditions produce similar levels. Both topologies can be designed and operated to ensure compliance with international guidelines.

Modern Trends in Inductive Power Transfer for Transportation Applications

Abstract: Inductive power transfer (IPT) has progressed to be a power distribution system offering significant benefits in modern automation systems and particularly so in stringent environments. Here, the same technology may be used in very dirty environments and in a clean room manufacture. This paper reviews the development of simple factory automation (FA) IPT systems for both today's complex applications and onward to a much more challenging application-IPT roadway. The underpinning of all IPT technology is two strongly coupled coils operating at resonance to transfer power efficiently. Over time the air-gap, efficiency, coupling factor, and power transfer capability have significantly improved. New magnetic concepts are introduced to allow misalignment, enabling IPT systems to migrate from overhead monorails to the floor. However, the demands of IPT roadway bring about significant challenges. Here, compared with the best FA practice, air-gaps need to be 100 times larger, power levels greater than ten times, system losses ten times lower to meet efficiency requirements, and systems from different manufacturers must be interoperable over the full range of operation. This paper describes how roadway challenges are being met and outlines the problems that still exist and the solutions designers are finding to them.

Inductive power transfer

Abstract: A detection method for use in a primary unit of an inductive power transfer system, the primary unit being operable to transmit power wirelessly by electromagnetic induction to at least one secondary unit of the system located in proximity to the primary unit and/or to a foreign object located in said proximity, the method comprising: driving the primary unit so that in a driven state the magnitude of an electrical drive signal supplied to one or more primary coils of the primary unit changes from a first value to a second value; assessing the effect of such driving on an electrical characteristic of the primary unit; and detecting in dependence upon the assessed effect the presence of a said secondary unit and/or a foreign object located in proximity to said primary unit.