世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries

Today, as in the past, within a country at a given time those with higher incomes are, on average, happier. However, raising the incomes of all does not increase the happiness of all. This is because the material norms on which judgments of well-being are based increase in the same proportion as the actual income of the society. These conclusions are suggested by data on reported happiness, material norms, and income collected in surveys in a number of countries over the past half century.

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Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all

Socioeconomic status (SES) is consistently associated with health outcomes, yet little is known about the psychosocial and behavioral mechanisms that might explain this association. Researchers usually control for SES rather than examine it. When it is studied, only effects of lower, poverty-level SES are generally examined. However, there is evidence of a graded association with health at all levels of SES, an observation that requires new thought about domains through which SES may exert its health effects. Variables are highlighted that show a graded relationship with both SES and health to provide examples of possible pathways between SES and health end points. Examples are also given of new analytic approaches that can better illuminate the complexities of the SES-health gradient.

Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient.

The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine.

Breadline Britain-Stewart Lansley 2015-02-19 Poverty in Britain is at post-war highs and even with economic growth -is set to increase yet further. Food bank queues are growing, levels of severe deprivation have been rising, and increasing numbers of children are left with their most basic needs unmet. Based on exclusive access to the largest ever survey of poverty in the UK, and its predecessor surveys in the 1980s and 1990s, Stewart Lansley and Joanna Mack track changes in deprivation and paint a devastating picture of the reality of poverty today and its causes. Shattering the myth that poverty is the fault of the poor and a generous benefit system, they show that the blame lies with the massive social and economic upheaval that has shifted power from the workforce to corporations and swelled the ranks of the working poor, a group increasingly at the mercy of low-pay, zero-hour contracts and downward social mobility. The high levels of poverty in the UK are not ordained but can be traced directly to the political choices taken by successive governments. Lansley and Mack outline an alternative economic and social strategy that is both perfectly feasible and urgently necessary if we are to reverse the course of the last three decades.

Poverty in the United Kingdom : a survey of household resources and standards of living

* El libro se ha traducido por el Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiologia y Microbiologia, y sus 10 capitulos se publicaran proximamente en esta Revista. Publicado por la Editorial Routledge, Londres y Nueva York, 1989, 211 paginas. En ingles. El libro presenta nuevas evidencias de las desigualdades en salud encontradas entre poblaciones o comunidades en diferentes areas del norte de Inglaterra y relata las tendencias a largo plazo que tienen lugar en los patrones de salud de Inglaterra, explora hasta donde las desigualdades en los niveles de salud pueden ser explicadas por la carencia material.

Health and Deprivation: Inequality and the North

Using new evidence drawn from studies of communities in the north of England, this work highlights material deprivation as the crucial factor in explaining inequalities in health.

This report presents the initial findings from the most comprehensive survey of poverty and social exclusion ever undertaken in Britain. The study was undertaken by researchers at four universities and the fieldwork was conducted during 1999 by the Office for National Statistics. The main part of the fieldwork, conducted during September/October 1999, was a follow-up survey of a sub-sample of respondents to the 1998/99 General Household Survey. It is particularly important at this time to create a base line understanding of the nature of poverty and social exclusion. On any measure, poverty at the turn of the new millennium remains one of the greatest social problems challenging Britain, and reducing social exclusion is at the heart of Government policy.

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Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain

If we are to develop better methods of integrating elderly people into society then above all we need a better sociology of the ageing and the aged. In this paper I wish to put forward the thesis that the dependency of the elderly in the twentieth century is being manufactured socially and that its severity is unnecessary. The process can therefore be revised or at least modified. Certain major influences, which will be discussed below, are steadily deepening, or widening that dependency. There is the imposition, and acceptance, of earlier retirement; the legitimation of low income; the denial of rights to self-determination in institutions; and the construction of community services for recipients assumed to be predominantly passive.

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Peter Townsend

Papers

Poverty in the United Kingdom : a survey of household resources and standards of living

Health and Deprivation: Inequality and the North

Health and Deprivation: Inequality and the North

Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain

The Structured Dependency of the Elderly: A Creation of Social Policy in the Twentieth Century