This article provides a qualitative review of the trait perspective in leadership research, followed by a meta-analysis. The authors used the five-factor model as an organizing framework and meta-analyzed 222 correlations from 73 samples. Overall, the correlations with leadership were Neuroticism .24, Extraversion .31, Openness to Experience .24, Agreeableness .08, and Conscientiousness .28. Results indicated that the relations of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Conscientiousness with leadership generalized in that more than 90% of the individual correlations were greater than 0. Extraversion was the most consistent correlate of leadership across study settings and leadership criteria (leader emergence and leadership effectiveness). Overall, the five-factor model had a multiple correlation of .48 with leadership, indicating strong support for the leader trait perspective when traits are organized according to the five-factor model.

/pdf/personality-and-leadership-a-qualitative-and-quantitative-1tm0kvc37m.pdf

Personality and leadership: a qualitative and quantitative review.

Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) not only are the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of psychiatric treatments but also can be valuable in revealing moderators and mediators of therapeutic change. Conceptually, moderators identify on whom and under what circumstances treatments have different effects. Mediators identify why and how treatments have effects. We describe an analytic framework to identify and distinguish between moderators and mediators in RCTs when outcomes are measured dimensionally. Rapid progress in identifying the most effective treatments and understanding on whom treatments work and do not work and why treatments work or do not work depends on efforts to identify moderators and mediators of treatment outcome. We recommend that RCTs routinely include and report such analyses.

/pdf/mediators-and-moderators-of-treatment-effects-in-randomized-3mw53l1qdq.pdf

Mediators and Moderators of Treatment Effects in Randomized Clinical Trials

There are no gender differences in depression rates in prepubescent children, but, after the age of 15, girls and women are about twice as likely to be depressed as boys and men. In this article, three models for how gender differences in depression might develop in early adolescence are described a

The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence.

There is universality in the transactional-transformational leadership paradigm. That is, the same conception of phenomena and relationships can be observed in a wide range of organizations and cultures. Exceptions can be understood as a consequence of unusual attributes of the organizations or cultures. Three corollaries are discussed. Supportive evidence has been gathered in studies conducted in organizations in business, education, the military, the government, and the independent sector. Likewise, supportive evidence has been accumulated from all but 1 continent to document the applicability of the paradigm.

/pdf/does-the-transactional-transformational-leadership-paradigm-23web5y9iu.pdf

Does the Transactional-Transformational Leadership Paradigm Transcend Organizational and National Boundaries?

The study of teamwork has been fragmented through the years, and the findings are generally unable to be used practically. This article argues that it is possible to boil down what researchers know about teamwork into five core components that the authors submit as the “Big Five” in teamwork. The core components of teamwork include team leadership, mutual performance monitoring, backup behavior, adaptability, and team orientation. Furthermore, the authors examine how these core components require supporting coordinating mechanisms (e.g., shared mental modes, closed-loop communication, and mutual trust) and vary in their importance during the life of the team and the team task. Finally, the authors submit a set of propositions for future research.

/pdf/is-there-a-big-five-in-teamwork-11jd4b8lw7.pdf

Is there a “Big Five” in Teamwork?:

Although recent research has clearly demonstrated the effects of people's naive conceptions, or “implicit theories,” of leadership (ILTs) on leader ratings, there has been a lack of attention to the content of such theories and whether there is systematic variation of ILTs across leader stimuli and perceiver characteristics. The current research assessed the content and factor structure variation of ILTs for male and female perceivers (separately and combined) across three stimuli: leaders, effective leaders and supervisors. Results suggest eight distinct factors of ILTs (Sensitivity, Dedication, Tyranny, Charisma, Attractiveness, Masculinity, Intelligence and Strength) that remain relatively stable across both perceiver sex and stimuli. Implicit theories for leaders and effective leaders were typically more favorable than for supervisors. These findings suggest that implicit theories of leadership may vary in systematic ways and underscore the importance of reaching beyond mere recognition of the existence of such theories toward an understanding of variations in both the content and the structure of the implicit ways that people view leaders.

Implicit leadership theories: Content, structure, and generalizability

In comparative or matching research involving two or more treatments, the equivalence of the patient groups is of critical importance. In the past, equivalence has either been imposed by matching or balancing, or has been assured statistically by randomization. Matching and balancing, while useful in many contexts, nonetheless have important limitations, as does simple randomization. In recent years, a new tool has been developed that represents a compromise between balancing and randomization. This method, urn randomization, gives clinical investigators new options for improving the credibility of studies at a relatively modest cost. Urn randomization is randomization that is systematically based in favor of balancing. It can be used with several covariates, both marginally and jointly, producing optimal multivariate equivalence of treatment groups for large sample sizes. It preserves randomization as the primary basis for assignment to treatment and is less susceptible to experimenter bias or manipulation of the allocation process by staff than is balancing. Disadvantages include the fact that it is more difficult to implement, and that it violates the simple probability model of simple randomization. A number of research studies on addictions, including client-treatment matching trials, have used urn randomization. A summary of the mechanics of urn randomization is presented, and guidelines for its use in treatment studies are discussed.

Ensuring balanced distribution of prognostic factors in treatment outcome research.

Background: Neither the durability of brief ambulatory treatments for cocaine dependence nor the relative ability of psychotherapy vs pharmacotherapy to effect lasting change has been evaluated in well-controlled randomized trials. Methods: We conducted a 1-year naturalistic follow-up of 121 ambulatory cocaine abusers who underwent psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention or clinical management) and pharmacotherapy (desipramine hydrochloride or placebo) in a 2X2 design. Subjects were interviewed 1, 3, 6, or 12 months after the termination of a 12-week course of outpatient treatment. Eighty percent (n=97) of the subjects who were randomized to treatment were followed up at least once. Results: First, the effects of study treatments appeared durable over the follow-up; as for the full sample, measures of cocaine use indicated either improvement or no change over posttreatment levels. Second, abstinence during treatment was strongly associated with less cocaine use during follow-up. Third, random effects regression models indicated significant psychotherapy-by-time effects, suggesting a delayed improved response during follow-up for patients who received cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention compared with supportive clinical management. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a delayed emergence of the effects of cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention, which may reflect the subjects' implementation of the generalizable coping skills conveyed through that treatment. Moreover, these data underline the importance of conducting follow-up studies of substance abusers and other groups because delayed effects may occur after the cessation of short-term treatments.

One-year follow-up of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence : delayed emergence of psychotherapy effects

Aims. (1) To examine the matching hypothesis that Twelve Step Facilitation Therapy (TSF) is more effective than Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) for alcohol-dependent clients with networks highly supportive of drinking 3 years following treatment; (2) to test a causal chain providing the rationale for this effect. Design. Outpatients were re-interviewed 3 years following treatment. ANCOVAs tested the matching hypothesis. Setting. Outpatients from five clinical research units distributed across the United States. Participants: Eight hundred and six alcohol-dependent clients. Intervention. Clients were randomly assigned to one of three 12-week, manually-guided, individual treatments: TSF, MET or Cognitive Behavioral Coping Skills Therapy (CBT). Measurements. Network support for drinking prior to treatment, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) involvement during and following treatment, percentage of days abstinent and drinks per drinking day during months 37-39. Findings. (1) The a priori matching hypothesis that TSF is more effective than MET for clients with networks supportive of drinking was supported at the 3 year follow-up; (2) AA involvement was a partial mediator of this effect; clients with networks supportive of drinking assigned to TSF were more likely to be involved in AA; AA involvement was associated with better 3-year drinking outcomes for such clients. Conclusions. (1) In the long-term TSF may be the treatment of choice for alcohol-dependent clients with networks supportive of drinking; (2) involvement in AA should be given special consideration for clients with networks supportive of drinking, irrespective of the therapy they will receive.

Network support for drinking, Alcoholics Anonymous and long‐term matching effects

OBJECTIVE To document the existence and prevalence of adolescent-generated diabetes management techniques. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS One hundred forty-four adolescents completed the confidential questionnaire developed for this study. Glycohemo-globin was also obtained for each individual. RESULTS Within the 10 days before their clinic visit, many adolescents admitted to engaging in various mismanagement behaviors, with 25% admitting to missing shots. Parents tend to underestimate adolescent mismanagement. Missing shots was significantly related to poor control ( P P CONCLUSIONS This study shows the importance of recognizing the prevalence of mismanagement among adolescents.

Philip W. Wirtz

Papers

Implicit leadership theories: Content, structure, and generalizability

Ensuring balanced distribution of prognostic factors in treatment outcome research.

One-year follow-up of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence : delayed emergence of psychotherapy effects

Network support for drinking, Alcoholics Anonymous and long‐term matching effects

Adolescent diabetes management and mismanagement