Pierre Tournoux

Bio: Pierre Tournoux is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Magnetic resonance imaging & White matter. The author has an hindex of 3, co-authored 4 publications receiving 21525 citations.

Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain : 3-dimensional proportional system : an approach to cerebral imaging

Abstract: Direct and Indirect Radiologic Localization Reference System: Basal Brain Line CA-CP Cerebral Structures in Three-Dimensional Space Practical Examples for the Use of the Atlas in Neuroradiologic Examinations Three-Dimensional Atlas of a Human Brain Nomenclature-Abbreviations Anatomic Index Conclusions.

Referentially oriented cerebral MRI anatomy : an atlas of stereotaxic anatomical correlations for gray and white matter

Abstract: The physical basis of magnetic resonance imaging normal shoulder anatomy and MR imaging diagnosis of shoulder disorders magnetic resonance imaging of patients with shoulder pain or instability case studies treatment of shoulder disorders.

Spatial model of a brain.

Abstract: It comprises three sets 1, 2 of plates 11-18 and 21-27 which are respectively parallel and transparent. On each of them is applied a transparent sectional view of the brain, in a reference system CA-CP, VCP, VCA which is common to all the plates of the same set. The relative position of the plates 11-18 or 21-27 of the same set 1 or 2 is the same as that of the successive sectional planes of the brain. By virtue of the invention, it is possible to see the whole internal structure of the brain in relief. The model may be useful to the neurosurgeon.

A default mode of brain function.

Abstract: A baseline or control state is fundamental to the understanding of most complex systems. Defining a baseline state in the human brain, arguably our most complex system, poses a particular challenge. Many suspect that left unconstrained, its activity will vary unpredictably. Despite this prediction we identify a baseline state of the normal adult human brain in terms of the brain oxygen extraction fraction or OEF. The OEF is defined as the ratio of oxygen used by the brain to oxygen delivered by flowing blood and is remarkably uniform in the awake but resting state (e.g., lying quietly with eyes closed). Local deviations in the OEF represent the physiological basis of signals of changes in neuronal activity obtained with functional MRI during a wide variety of human behaviors. We used quantitative metabolic and circulatory measurements from positron-emission tomography to obtain the OEF regionally throughout the brain. Areas of activation were conspicuous by their absence. All significant deviations from the mean hemisphere OEF were increases, signifying deactivations, and resided almost exclusively in the visual system. Defining the baseline state of an area in this manner attaches meaning to a group of areas that consistently exhibit decreases from this baseline, during a wide variety of goal-directed behaviors monitored with positron-emission tomography and functional MRI. These decreases suggest the existence of an organized, baseline default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal-directed behaviors.

The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

Abstract: Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease