The Cationminus signpi Interaction.

Dynamic covalent chemistry relates to chemical reactions carried out reversibly under conditions of equilibrium control. The reversible nature of the reactions introduces the prospects of "error checking" and "proof-reading" into synthetic processes where dynamic covalent chemistry operates. Since the formation of products occurs under thermodynamic control, product distributions depend only on the relative stabilities of the final products. In kinetically controlled reactions, however, it is the free energy differences between the transition states leading to the products that determines their relative proportions. Supramolecular chemistry has had a huge impact on synthesis at two levels: one is noncovalent synthesis, or strict self-assembly, and the other is supramolecular assistance to molecular synthesis, also referred to as self-assembly followed by covalent modification. Noncovalent synthesis has given us access to finite supermolecules and infinite supramolecular arrays. Supramolecular assistance to covalent synthesis has been exploited in the construction of more-complex systems, such as interlocked molecular compounds (for example, catenanes and rotaxanes) as well as container molecules (molecular capsules). The appealing prospect of also synthesizing these types of compounds with complex molecular architectures using reversible covalent bond forming chemistry has led to the development of dynamic covalent chemistry. Historically, dynamic covalent chemistry has played a central role in the development of conformational analysis by opening up the possibility to be able to equilibrate configurational isomers, sometimes with base (for example, esters) and sometimes with acid (for example, acetals). These stereochemical "balancing acts" revealed another major advantage that dynamic covalent chemistry offers the chemist, which is not so easily accessible in the kinetically controlled regime: the ability to re-adjust the product distribution of a reaction, even once the initial products have been formed, by changing the reaction's environment (for example, concentration, temperature, presence or absence of a template). This highly transparent, yet tremendously subtle, characteristic of dynamic covalent chemistry has led to key discoveries in polymer chemistry. In this review, some recent examples where dynamic covalent chemistry has been demonstrated are shown to emphasise the basic concepts of this area of science.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1521-3773%2820020503%2941%3A9%3C1460%3A%3AAID-ANIE11111460%3E3.0.CO%3B2-N

Dynamic covalent chemistry.

Artificial Organic Host Molecules for Anions

Convergent Dendrons and Dendrimers: from Synthesis to Applications

Through the use of Pd2(dba)3/P(t-Bu)3 as a catalyst, a wide range of aryl and vinyl halides, including chlorides, undergo Suzuki cross-coupling with arylboronic acids in very good yield, typically at room temperature; through use of Pd(OAc)2/PCy3, a diverse array of aryl and vinyl triflates react cleanly at room temperature. Together, these two catalyst systems cover a broad spectrum of commonly encountered substrates for Suzuki couplings. Furthermore, they display novel reactivity patterns, such as the selective cross-coupling by Pd2(dba)3/P(t-Bu)3 of an aryl chloride in preference to an aryl triflate, and they can be used at low loading, even for reactions of aryl chlorides. Preliminary mechanistic work indicates that a palladium monophosphine complex is the active catalyst in the cross-coupling of aryl halides.

Versatile Catalysts for the Suzuki Cross-Coupling of Arylboronic Acids with Aryl and Vinyl Halides and Triflates under Mild Conditions

The conformations of calix [4] arenes can be deduced from the 13 C NMR chemical shift of the methylene groups connecting each pair of aromatic rings. Inspection of 24 cases revealed that when the phenol rings beside each methylene are in a syn orientation (i.e., in cone conformations), the methylene signals appear aroung δ31, whereas they appear around δ37 when both phenol rings are anti oriented (i.e., in 1,3-alternate conformations). Steric effects are believed to be the main cause of such large differences

Carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts. A single rule to determine the conformation of calix[4]arenes

A receptor for the enantioselective recognition of phenylalanine and tryptophan under neutral conditions

Bicarbonate is involved in a wide range of biological processes, which include respiration, regulation of intracellular pH and fertilization. In this study we use a combination of NMR spectroscopy and ion-selective electrode techniques to show that the natural product prodigiosin, a tripyrrolic molecule produced by microorganisms such as Streptomyces and Serratia, facilitates chloride/bicarbonate exchange (antiport) across liposomal membranes. Higher concentrations of simple synthetic molecules based on a 4,6-dihydroxyisophthalamide core are also shown to facilitate this antiport process. Although it is well known that proteins regulate Cl-/HCO3- exchange in cells, these results suggest that small molecules may also be able to regulate the concentration of these anions in biological systems.

/pdf/using-small-molecules-to-facilitate-exchange-of-bicarbonate-5ga2n9ltpb.pdf

Using small molecules to facilitate exchange of bicarbonate and chloride anions across liposomal membranes

Preorganization of the isophthalamide cleft in N,N‘-dibutyl-4,6-dihydroxyisophthalamide (2) by means of intramolecular hydrogen bonds results in an enhanced anion receptor that displays significant chloride transport activity into EYPC liposomes. This function is easily switchable by controlling the pH.

Conformational control of transmembrane Cl(-) transport.

Oligoguanidinium-based cell delivery systems have gained broad interest in the drug delivery field since one decade ago. Thus, arginine-containing peptides as Tat or Antp, oligoarginine peptides, and derived peptoids have been described as shuttles for delivering nonpermeant drugs inside cancer cells. Herein we report a new family of tetraguanidinium cell penetrating vectors efficiently internalized in human tumor cells. Their high internalization, studied by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, as well as their specific accumulation in mitochondria makes these new vectors likely vehicles for the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to mitochondria.

Pilar Prados

Papers

Carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts. A single rule to determine the conformation of calix[4]arenes

A receptor for the enantioselective recognition of phenylalanine and tryptophan under neutral conditions

Using small molecules to facilitate exchange of bicarbonate and chloride anions across liposomal membranes

Conformational control of transmembrane Cl(-) transport.

Highly efficient, nonpeptidic oligoguanidinium vectors that selectively internalize into mitochondria.