Strain-based non-intrusive approaches for measuring the pressure of pipes have attracted widespread attention due to their great convenience and ability to avoid destroying the integrity of structures. However, the mentioned method usually measures the dynamic pressure based only on the static strain–pressure sensitivity coefficients (SSSCs) instead of the dynamic strain–pressure sensitivity coefficients (DSSCs) due to its complicated calibration, which will inevitably affect the accuracy significantly. To address this issue, a model-driven scheme with dual stages is proposed in the present study to compensate the dynamic pressure measurement. The DSSCs are analytically derived for the first time from the axial governing equations of the pipe, considering the general boundary conditions for the thin-walled and thick-walled pipes simultaneously. In the first stage, the physical parameters involved in the DSSCs are calibrated by minimizing the residual of the experimental results and the theoretical counterparts. In the second stage, the DSSCs calculated from the calibrated analytical model are utilized to compensate the dynamic pressure based on the relationship between the DSSCs and the SSSCs. The proposed method is applied to an industrial hydraulic pipe system, and the experimental results show that the relative error is reduced greatly after the compensation is implemented, demonstrating the validity of the proposed compensation method.

A Model-Driven Scheme to Compensate the Strain-Based Non-Intrusive Dynamic Pressure Measurement for Hydraulic Pipe

The increasing morbidity of internal diseases poses serious threats to human health and quality of life. Exhaled breath analysis is a noninvasive and convenient diagnostic method to improve the cure rate of patients. In this study, a self-powered breath analyzer based on polyaniline/polyvinylidene fluoride (PANI/PVDF) piezo-gas-sensing arrays has been developed for potential detection of several internal diseases. The device works by converting exhaled breath energy into piezoelectric gas-sensing signals without any external power sources. The five sensing units in the device have different sensitivities to various gas markers with concentrations ranging from 0 to 600 ppm. The working principle can be attributed to the coupling of the in-pipe gas-flow-induced piezoelectric effect of PVDF and gas-sensing properties of PANI electrodes. In addition, the device demonstrates its use as an ethanol analyzer to roughly mimic fatty liver diagnosis. This new approach can be applied to fabricating new exhaled breath analyzers and promoting the development of self-powered systems.

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A Self-Powered Breath Analyzer Based on PANI/PVDF Piezo-Gas-Sensing Arrays for Potential Diagnostics Application

Smart and precise sensing is very important for the protection of both environment and personal security in modern civilized society. There are numerous sensing devices for detecting physical and chemical changes such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and chemical species. In this regard, conducting polymers is at the core of attention for the fabrication of next-generation sensor applications. Polypyrrole (PPy), is one of the emerging intelligent materials with a wide range of applications in the field of optical, electronic, and electrochromic devices and sensors. The stability in a different environment, ease of deposition from aqueous and non-aqueous media, adherence to diverse substrates, and high electrical conductivity made PPy a unique choice for sensor development. In recent years, PPy has proven an excellent candidate for sensing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to its selectivity and sensitivity towards target gas molecules, and detection of inorganic gases and VOCs. Consequently, to develop outstanding sensing devices attempts have been dedicated to developing PPy-based sensors for excellent mechanical and electrochemical performance. This review aims to provide a recent overview of progress in PPy-based advanced sensing devices. This review aims to provide a recent overview of progress in PPy-based advanced sensing devices. We have systematically discussed the challenges and future development of various sensing devices. Furthermore, the current understanding and performance evaluation of gas sensing mechanisms in PPy-based sensors are discussed theoretically and experimentally. We have also identified gaps in the state-of-the-art and hope that this study would lead to further research works into using PPy to make gas sensors. Finally, the future directions of various sensors with advanced PPy-based sensing systems have been prospected. 

Polypyrrole-based sensors for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sensing and capturing: A comprehensive review

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/9/24099/01098786.pdf

Measurement systems - Application and design [Book Reviews]

The water is a finite resource. The issue of sustainable withdrawal of freshwater is a vital concern being faced by the community. There is a strong connection between the energy, food, and water which is referred to as water-food-energy nexus. The agriculture industry and municipalities are struggling to meet the demand of water supply. This situation is particularly exacerbated in the developing countries. The projected increase in world population requires more fresh water resources. New technologies are being developed to reduce water usage in the field of agriculture (e.g., sensor guided autonomous irrigation management systems). Agricultural water withdrawal is also impacting ground and surface water resources. Although the importance of reduction in water usage cannot be overemphasized, major efforts for sustainable water are directed towards the novel technology development for cleaning and recycling. Moreover, currently, energy technologies require abundant water for energy production. Therefore, energy sustainability is inextricably linked to water sustainability. The water sustainability IoT has a strong potential to solve many challenges in water-food-energy nexus. In this chapter, the architecture of IoT for water sustainability is presented. An in-depth coverage of sensing and communication technologies and water systems is also provided.

/pdf/internet-of-things-for-water-sustainability-20soda1mv0.pdf

Internet of Things for Water Sustainability

Design and analysis of flow measurement of conductive liquid and transmission via optical channel

A modified wireless pressure measurement system using Bourdon tube as a primary sensor has been proposed in this paper The modification is done by integrating the surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor with the Bourdon tube The sensor is placed on the surface of the Bourdon tube which measures the stress level of the Bourdon tube for different applied pressure The response of the SAW sensor is calculated in terms of shift in the resonant frequency which is equivalent to the applied pressure The central resonant frequency found during simulation at 0 PSI is 4331 MHz The simulated response gives a change in linear frequency shift with respect to the change in pressure

Design Analysis of Wireless Pressure Measurement by Integrating Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor With Bourdon Tube

In process industries, an optical transmitting system has a great impact especially for long distance transmission through inflammable and hazardous areas. A combination of bellows and Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI)-based pressure transmitting system has been proposed in this paper. This novel approach is capable to transmit pressure reading to a remote location using an electro-optic modulation in the MZI. The proposed system is the hybrid type and consists of two sections. First part is the electrical type which is responsible for transmission of measured information in an electrical domain (primary) and a second section is designed for transmission of measured information in an optical domain (secondary). Primary part is the combination of bellows, a Hall probe sensor, and a signal conditioning circuit, and the second part consists of the MZI with three electrodes. The pressure is directly applied to the bellows. The magnet is placed at the top of the Bellows and the variation of the magnet positions is sensed by the Hall probe sensor. The response of the Hall probe sensor, in terms of millivolt range, is not capable to perform the electro-optic modulation in the MZI, so it is further amplified by an instrumentation amplifier and a calibrating circuit. The output from the signal conditioning circuit is fed to the MZI so that the intensity of light which is propagating in the MZI is modulated due to the electro-optic effect. Transmission of the optical signal is very much beneficial for the inflammable industry to prevent the sparking like situation. The operation of the system has been explained with the help of derived theoretical equations. The experiment has been done and the performance of the system along with the experimental results is reported in this paper. The proposed system is linear and provides good repeatability with the applied pressure.

Design and Analysis of an Electro-Optic Type Pressure Transmitter Using Bellows as Primary Sensor

A novel technique on MZI based electro-optic type pressure transmitter using modified bourdon tube

Rotameter is a particular kind of flow meter, based on variable area principle. In this paper, an intelligent inductive pickup type flow transducer using rotameter is developed with temperature compensation. The float of rotameter is attached with a ferromagnetic wire and with the movement of float the self-inductance of inductive pickup changes. The self-inductance is changed into a voltage with the modified Maxwell bridge network. The density of the fluid flowing through the rotameter get changed with the change in temperature, and it disturbs the calibration of rotameter. In this paper, different ANN (Artifical neural network) algorithm scheme is used for compensating the temperature influence in the modified rotameter.

Praveen Maurya

Papers

Design and analysis of flow measurement of conductive liquid and transmission via optical channel

Design Analysis of Wireless Pressure Measurement by Integrating Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor With Bourdon Tube

Design and Analysis of an Electro-Optic Type Pressure Transmitter Using Bellows as Primary Sensor

A novel technique on MZI based electro-optic type pressure transmitter using modified bourdon tube

Development of a Smart Rotameter with Intelligent Temperature Compensation