The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.

/pdf/initial-sequencing-and-analysis-of-the-human-genome-5dapk1rsx1.pdf

Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

We describe a program, tRNAscan-SE, which identifies 99-100% of transfer RNA genes in DNA sequence while giving less than one false positive per 15 gigabases. Two previously described tRNA detection programs are used as fast, first-pass prefilters to identify candidate tRNAs, which are then analyzed by a highly selective tRNA covariance model. This work represents a practical application of RNA covariance models, which are general, probabilistic secondary structure profiles based on stochastic context-free grammars. tRNAscan-SE searches at approximately 30 000 bp/s. Additional extensions to tRNAscan-SE detect unusual tRNA homologues such as selenocysteine tRNAs, tRNA-derived repetitive elements and tRNA pseudogenes.

tRNAscan-SE: a program for improved detection of transfer RNA genes in genomic sequence.

We describe a new basis for the construction of a genetic linkage map of the human genome. The basic principle of the mapping scheme is to develop, by recombinant DNA techniques, random single-copy DNA probes capable of detecting DNA sequence polymorphisms, when hybridized to restriction digests of an individual's DNA. Each of these probes will define a locus. Loci can be expanded or contracted to include more or less polymorphism by further application of recombinant DNA technology. Suitably polymorphic loci can be tested for linkage relationships in human pedigrees by established methods; and loci can be arranged into linkage groups to form a true genetic map of "DNA marker loci." Pedigrees in which inherited traits are known to be segregating can then be analyzed, making possible the mapping of the gene(s) responsible for the trait with respect to the DNA marker loci, without requiring direct access to a specified gene's DNA. For inherited diseases mapped in this way, linked DNA marker loci can be used predictively for genetic counseling.

Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

The sequence of the mouse genome is a key informational tool for understanding the contents of the human genome and a key experimental tool for biomedical research. Here, we report the results of an international collaboration to produce a high-quality draft sequence of the mouse genome. We also present an initial comparative analysis of the mouse and human genomes, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the two sequences. We discuss topics including the analysis of the evolutionary forces shaping the size, structure and sequence of the genomes; the conservation of large-scale synteny across most of the genomes; the much lower extent of sequence orthology covering less than half of the genomes; the proportions of the genomes under selection; the number of protein-coding genes; the expansion of gene families related to reproduction and immunity; the evolution of proteins; and the identification of intraspecies polymorphism.

/pdf/initial-sequencing-and-comparative-analysis-of-the-mouse-5a9n62pifj.pdf

Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome.

The complete (172,282 base pairs) nucleotide sequence of the B95-8 strain of Epstein-Barr virus has been established using the dideoxynucleotide/M13 sequencing procedure. Many RNA polymerase II promoters have been mapped and the mRNAs from these promoters have been assigned to the latent or early/late productive virus cycles. Likely protein-coding regions have been identified and three of these have been shown to encode a ribonucleotide reductase, a DNA polymerase and two surface glycoproteins.

DNA sequence and expression of the B95-8 Epstein—Barr virus genome

During the past 65 million years, Alu elements have propagated to more than one million copies in primate genomes, which has resulted in the generation of a series of Alu subfamilies of different ages. Alu elements affect the genome in several ways, causing insertion mutations, recombination between elements, gene conversion and alterations in gene expression. Alu-insertion polymorphisms are a boon for the study of human population genetics and primate comparative genomics because they are neutral genetic markers of identical descent with known ancestral states.

/pdf/alu-repeats-and-human-genomic-diversity-5bw8dfdzmv.pdf

Alu repeats and human genomic diversity

PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY . 632 THE AMAZING VARIETY OF RETROPOSONS "......... 635 The Viral Supeifamily 635 The Nonviral Superfamily "......... 636 RETROPOSONS DERIVED FROM PROCESSED MESSAGES 637 Processed Retropseudogenes .. . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . ..... . . . . ...... . . . ""'''''''''''''''''''''' 637 A Functional Semiprocessed Retrogene " "......... 640 LINES (LONG INTERSPERSED REPEATED SEQUENCES) ........ . "......... 641

Nonviral retroposons: genes, pseudogenes, and transposable elements generated by the reverse flow of genetic information

https://biosci-batzerlab.biology.lsu.edu/Publications/Deininger_and_Batzer_1999_Mol_Genetics_and_Metabolism.pdf

Prescott L. Deininger

Papers

DNA sequence and expression of the B95-8 Epstein—Barr virus genome

Alu repeats and human genomic diversity

Nonviral retroposons: genes, pseudogenes, and transposable elements generated by the reverse flow of genetic information

Alu repeats and human disease.

Base sequence studies of 300 nucleotide renatured repeated human DNA clones