Putra Jiwamurwa Pama Tjitda

Bio: Putra Jiwamurwa Pama Tjitda is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Chemistry & Transesterification. The author has an hindex of 2, co-authored 5 publications receiving 14 citations.

Preparation of Fatty Acid and Monoglyceride from Vegetable Oil

Abstract: Fatty acid and monoglyceride are examples of lipid compounds that can be founded in vegetable oils. The fatty acid has an important role in the human diet, lubricants, detergents, cosmetics, plastics, coatings, and resin. Monoglyceride has a wide function in the food industry in particular as natural emulsifier, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, antioxidant, and antibacterial. Therefore, isolation and preparation of fatty acid and monoglyceride are the crucial step. This article focuses on providing the chemical reaction paths of isolation fatty acid and synthesis of monoglyceride from vegetable oils. Fatty acids could be isolated by Colgate-Emery steam hydrolysis, hydrolysis of vegetable oils using inorganic base catalyst or lipase, and base-catalyzed hydrolysis of pure fatty acid methyl ester. There are three steps in the synthesis of pure fatty acid methyl ester which are neutralization, transesterification, and fractional distillation. There are four reactions paths in preparing monoglyceride from vegetable oils. They are glycerolysis, ethanolysis using lipase enzyme (sn-1,3), esterification of fatty acid with glycerol in the presence of inorganic acid catalyst or lipase, transesterification of fatty acid methyl ester with glycerol, transesterification of fatty acid methyl ester with protected glycerol (1,2-O-isopropylidene glycerol), and deprotection using an acid resin (Amberlyst-15).

Antimicrobial Properties of Lauric Acid and Monolaurin in Virgin Coconut Oil: A Review

Abstract: Virgin coconut oil is obtained by wet processing of coconut milk using fermentation, centrifugation, enzymatic extraction, and the microwave heating method. Presently, VCO has several positive effects and benefits to human health, hence, it is regularly consumed and widely known as a unique functional food. VCO contains lauric acid (45 to 52 %). By lipase in the digestive system, VCO can undergo a breakdown into lauric acid, 1-monolaurin, and 2-monolaurin. These components have both hydrophilic and lipophilic groups and are also recognized as excellent antimicrobial lipids. Furthermore, lauric acid and monolaurin can be used as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral with broad-spectrum inhibition. Lauric acid and monolaurin have a strong ability to destroy gram-positive bacteria, especially S. aureus, fungi such as C. Albicans, and viruses including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and visna virus (VV). Lauric acid and monolaurin interact with certain functional groups located in the cell membrane and can cause damage to the cell. In general, the potential of VCO as healthy food is contributed by lauric acid and monolaurin which are antimicrobial agents.

Skrining fitokimia ekstrak metanol, kloroform dan n-heksan daun flamboyan

Abstract: Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang skrining fitokimia pada ekstrak daun flamboyan ( Delonix regia . Raf). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa metabolit sekunder pada ekstrak daun flamboyan meliputi flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tanin dan fenolik. Penelitian diawali dengan pembuatan ekstrak metanol, kloroform dan n-heksan daun flamboyan menggunakan metode maserasi. Masing-masing ekstrak selanjutnya dilakukan skrining fitokimia. Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan semua ekstrak daun flamboyan mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin dan fenolik. Kandungan saponin tidak terdapat pada ekstrak kloroform dan n-heksan sedangkan hasil positif saponin terdapat pada ekstrak methanol daun flamboyan. Kata Kunci: Daun Flamboyan (delonix regia. Raf), Skrining Fitokimia, Metabolit Sekunder

Preparation of Ricinoleic Acid from Castor Oil:A Review.

Abstract: Castor oil is a vegetable product extracted from Ricinus communis L (castor seed), which is primarily considered an important commercial value for the manufacturing of soaps, lubricants, coatings, etc. It is rich in hydroxylated fatty acids (ricinoleic acid, 89-92%) and is widely used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, oleochemical, and agricultural industries. This oil has also been confirmed as a bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, and antiherpetic agents, due to the ricinoleic acid having functional groups, such as -COOH, -OH, and -C=C-. Furthermore, it is converted into various acid derivative compounds with several applications. Therefore, this article reviewed some reaction stages to the preparation of ricinoleic acid from castor oil. Several methods or reaction pathways were employed in the preparation procedure, such as the Twitchell and Colgate-Emery processes, as well as the alkaline catalyzed, transesterification with methyl ricinoleic, and lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis, respectively. Although each of these preparation methods has advantages and disadvantages, the most effective technique was the hydrolysis through the use of the enzyme lipozyme TL IM. Besides being a green method, the conversion rate in the hydrolysis process was 96.2 ± 1.5.

Synthesis of 2-monolaurin from pure lauric acid

Abstract: An attempt of synthesis 2-monolaurin from lauric acid through trilaurin as an intermediate compound has been successfully conducted. Trilaurin has been afforded via esterification reaction of lauric acid and glycerol with yield and purity of 78 and 84% respectively. Ethanolysis reaction of trilaurin using Lipozyme TL IM enzyme resulted in the formation of 2-monolaurin in a yield of 60 % and purity of 97%.

A new update of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in lipid research

Abstract: Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is an indispensable tool in modern lipid research since it is fast, sensitive, tolerates sample impurities and provides spectra without major analyte fragmentation. We will discuss some methodological aspects, the related ion-forming processes and the MALDI MS characteristics of the different lipid classes (with the focus on glycerophospholipids) and the progress, which was achieved during the last ten years. Particular attention will be given to quantitative aspects of MALDI MS since this is widely considered as the most serious drawback of the method. Although the detailed role of the matrix is not yet completely understood, it will be explicitly shown that the careful choice of the matrix is crucial (besides the careful evaluation of the positive and negative ion mass spectra) in order to be able to detect all lipid classes of interest. Two developments will be highlighted: spatially resolved Imaging MS is nowadays well established and the distribution of lipids in tissues merits increasing interest because lipids are readily detectable and represent ubiquitous compounds. It will also be shown that a combination of MALDI MS with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) enables a fast spatially resolved screening of an entire TLC plate which makes the method competitive with LC/MS.

Antimicrobial Properties of Lauric Acid and Monolaurin in Virgin Coconut Oil: A Review

Abstract: Virgin coconut oil is obtained by wet processing of coconut milk using fermentation, centrifugation, enzymatic extraction, and the microwave heating method. Presently, VCO has several positive effects and benefits to human health, hence, it is regularly consumed and widely known as a unique functional food. VCO contains lauric acid (45 to 52 %). By lipase in the digestive system, VCO can undergo a breakdown into lauric acid, 1-monolaurin, and 2-monolaurin. These components have both hydrophilic and lipophilic groups and are also recognized as excellent antimicrobial lipids. Furthermore, lauric acid and monolaurin can be used as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral with broad-spectrum inhibition. Lauric acid and monolaurin have a strong ability to destroy gram-positive bacteria, especially S. aureus, fungi such as C. Albicans, and viruses including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and visna virus (VV). Lauric acid and monolaurin interact with certain functional groups located in the cell membrane and can cause damage to the cell. In general, the potential of VCO as healthy food is contributed by lauric acid and monolaurin which are antimicrobial agents.

Marine-Derived Surface Active Agents: Health-Promoting Properties and Blue Biotechnology-Based Applications.

Abstract: Surface active agents are characterized for their capacity to adsorb to fluid and solid-water interfaces. They can be classified as surfactants and emulsifiers based on their molecular weight (MW) and properties. Over the years, the chemical surfactant industry has been rapidly increasing to meet consumer demands. Consequently, such a boost has led to the search for more sustainable and biodegradable alternatives, as chemical surfactants are non-biodegradable, thus causing an adverse effect on the environment. To these ends, many microbial and/or marine-derived molecules have been shown to possess various biological properties that could allow manufacturers to make additional health-promoting claims for their products. Our aim, in this review article, is to provide up to date information of critical health-promoting properties of these molecules and their use in blue-based biotechnology (i.e., biotechnology using aquatic organisms) with a focus on food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical/biomedical applications.

Mono- and diglyceride production from microalgae: Challenges and prospects of high-value emulsifiers

Abstract: Background Monoglycerides (MAG) and Diglycerides (DAG) belong to the category of naturally-occurring glycerolipids. They have wide applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, with commercial demand supplied by the consolidated industrial catalytic route of vegetable oil glycerolysis. Despite the economic competitiveness of producing these types of emulsifiers from vegetable oils, the increasing demand for products with high nutrition value makes some kinds of microalgae oil potential feedstock of high-quality fatty acids to serve this growing market. Scope and approach An alternative to the use of vegetable oils is the production of triacylglycerols from microalgae. Usually, microalgal oils have a high content of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) and the cultivation of microalgae may present fewer environmental impacts, considering reduced use of arable land, efficient CO2 biofixation, and high productivity. Microalgae lipids are mostly studied for biodiesel production, but this work shows the potential to explore more valuable applications due to their composition, discussing the possibility of producing MAGs and DAGs from microalgae lipids. Key findings and conclusions While biodiesel B99-B100 costs USD3.56/gallon according to the U.S. Energy Dept. (April 2021), a food emulsifier (soybean lecithin) is sold for USD147/kg (Alfa Aesar, August 2021). Hence, it is imperative to consider high-value bioproducts from an economic point of view. Microalgal oil can be rich in ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, being a promising source of MAGs and DAGs with higher nutritional value. Glycerolysis studies of this feedstock are restricted to the enzymatic route, but different alternatives are shown in this work.

Types and Concentrations of Catalysts in Chemical Glycerolysis for the Production of Monoacylglycerols and Diacylglycerols

Abstract: Article history: Received: 09 December, 2020 Accepted: 23 January, 2021 Online: 30 January, 2021 Monoacylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) are structured lipids that have been widely used in various pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. MAG and DAG are generally produced by chemical glycerolysis. Chemical catalysts have been shown to be more efficient, economical, and effective. This study summarizes and discusses the factors that affect the synthesis of MAG and DAG by chemical glycerolysis, such as temperature, reaction time, and type and concentration of catalysts that affect the resulting MAG and DAG concentrations. Homogeneous catalysts such as KOH and NaOH are very effective for generating MAG and DAG conversions up to 91%, but they have a disadvantage, mainly because they cannot be used repeatedly. However, heterogeneous catalysts have great potential to be developed into catalysts with high activity, environmentally friendly, and can be used repeatedly.