Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are electronically-stored health information in a digital format. EHRs are typically shared among healthcare stakeholders and face power failure, data misuse, lack of privacy, security, and audit trail. On the other hand, blockchain is the revolutionary invention of the twentieth century that offers a distributed and decentralized setting to communicate among nodes in a list of networks without a central authority. It can address the limitations of EHRs management and provide a safer, secured, and decentralized environment for exchanging EHRs data. Three categories of blockchain-based potential solutions have been proposed by researchers to handle EHRs: conceptual, prototype, and implemented. This study focused on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to find and analyze articles submitted either conceptual or implemented to manage EHRs using blockchain. The study examined 99 papers that were collected from various publication categories. The deep technical analysis focused on evaluating articles based on privacy, security, scalability, accessibility, cost, consensus algorithms, and the type of blockchain used. The SLR found that blockchain technology promises to provide decentralization, security, and privacy that traditional EHRs often lack. Moreover, results obtained from the detailed studies would provide potential researchers with the type of blockchain for future research. Finally, future research directions, in the end, would direct enthusiasm to combine new blockchain-based systems to manage EHRs properly. 

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Blockchain-Based Electronic Health Records Management: A Comprehensive Review and Future Research Direction

The spirit of “blockchain technology” is a distributed database in which saved data is transparent, accountable, public, immutable, and traceable. This base-level disruptive technology can boost the security and privacy-related efficiency of various domains. As Bangladesh is currently aiming for sustainable development, blockchain technology adoption by the local researchers is growing robustly. However, in Bangladesh, the blockchain Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is not yet well structured which is also limiting the perspective of local developers and researchers. Therefore, sectors like governance, healthcare, security, privacy, farming, information authentication, cryptocurrencies, internet architecture, data, and so on are unable to utilize the full potential of this technology. In this research, the authors conduct an in-depth review of such types of blockchain technology-related research articles that have been published recently and are also solely focused on Bangladesh. From 5 publishers (IEEE Xplore, ACM, ScienceDirect, Taylor &amp; Francis, and SpringerLink) this study analyses 70 articles published during the year 2016-2020. The study results find the top 13 sectors where Bangladeshi researchers are currently focusing on. Those studies identify that the rigid policy by the government, scarcity of expert researchers, and lack of resources are the main reasons why Bangladesh is still struggling to accommodate blockchain extensively. In addition, published papers are mostly based on theoretical concepts without an appropriate implementation. Finally, this study will be a great resource to the developers, entrepreneurs, and technology enthusiasts to determine the strategic plan for adopting blockchain technology in Bangladesh or even to any other developing country. 

/pdf/a-systematic-literature-review-of-blockchain-technology-323tbi3f.pdf

A Systematic Literature Review of Blockchain Technology Adoption in Bangladesh

The spirit of “blockchain technology” is a distributed database in which saved data is transparent, accountable, public, immutable, and traceable. This base-level disruptive technology can boost the security and privacy-related efficiency of various domains. As Bangladesh is currently aiming for sustainable development, blockchain technology adoption by the local researchers is growing robustly. However, in Bangladesh, the blockchain Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is not yet well structured which is also limiting the perspective of local developers and researchers. Therefore, sectors like governance, healthcare, security, privacy, farming, information authentication, cryptocurrencies, internet architecture, data, and so on are unable to utilize the full potential of this technology. In this research, the authors conduct an in-depth review of such types of blockchain technology-related research articles that have been published recently and are also solely focused on Bangladesh. From 5 publishers (IEEE Xplore, ACM, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, and SpringerLink) this study analyses 70 articles published during the year 2016-2020. The study results find the top 13 sectors where Bangladeshi researchers are currently focusing on. Those studies identify that the rigid policy by the government, scarcity of expert researchers, and lack of resources are the main reasons why Bangladesh is still struggling to accommodate blockchain extensively. In addition, published papers are mostly based on theoretical concepts without an appropriate implementation. Finally, this study will be a great resource to the developers, entrepreneurs, and technology enthusiasts to determine the strategic plan for adopting blockchain technology in Bangladesh or even to any other developing country.

http://aetic.theiaer.org/archive/v6/v6n1/p1.pdf

Blockchain is regarded as a significant innovation and shows a set of promising features that can certainly address existing issues in real time applications. Decentralization, greater transparency, improved traceability and secure architecture can revolutionize healthcare systems. With the help of advancement in computer technologies, most healthcare institutions try to store patient data digitally rather than on paper. Electronic health records are regarded as some of the most important assets in healthcare system and are required to be shared among different hospitals and other organizations to improve diagnosis efficiency. While sharing patients’ details, certain basic standards such as integrity and confidentiality of the information need to be considered. Blockchain technology provides the above standards with features of immutability and granting access to stored information only to authorized users. The examination approach depends on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (or PRISMA) rules and an efficient planned search convention is utilized to look through multiple scientific databases to recognize, investigate and separate every important publication. In this paper, we present a solid systematic review on the blockchain and healthcare domain to identify the existing challenges and benefits of applying blockchain technology in healthcare systems. More than 150 scientific papers published in the last ten years are surveyed, resulting in the identifications and summarization of observations made on the different privacy-preserving approaches and also assessment of their performances. We also present a significant architectural solutions of blockchain to achieve interoperability. Thereby, we attempt to analyse the ideas of blockchain in the medical domain, by assessing the advantages and limitations, subsequently giving guidance to other researchers in the area.

/pdf/survey-on-security-and-interoperability-of-electronic-health-2r2acz8k.pdf

Survey on Security and Interoperability of Electronic Health Record Sharing Using Blockchain Technology

Due to the exponential increase in the number of IoT connected objects, limited resource constraints and dynamic topology in IoT networks, routing of these connected nodes on the wireless networks faces several challenges and issues that need to be addressed. IoT routing protocols must be able to efficiently transmit data while meeting certain performance criteria. On the other hand, intelligent computing methods hold great promise for solving the most difficult problems in all areas. In this article, we list existing works that takes advantage of artificial intelligence methods to overcome the challenges of IoT routing. We examine them in terms of performance criteria such as energy efficiency, security, transmission delay, reliability, etc. Next, we classify IoT routing protocols according to different criteria. Finally, we present the major challenges of IoT routing, which still require solutions to be developed.

A survey on IoT Routing: Types, Challenges and Contribution of Recent Used Intelligent Methods

Internet of Things (IoT) network devices, are embedded wireless sensor nodes, constrained with limited battery capacity, storage and processing power. Hence, the available resources have to be utilized efficiently during the process like sensing, computing and communication. This creates a need for an optimized routing algorithm which should reduce the resource consumption like battery power to extend the network lifetime, and also we should consider the other network requirements like delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio. Here, a multi-objective routing optimization algorithm BFOA-R is proposed, based on group foraging behavior of E. coli and M. xanthus bacteria. The primary objective of the proposed routing is to reduce energy consumption during routing and maximize network life. Existing, particle multi-swarm optimization is used as a benchmarking method to evaluate the performance of BFOA-R.

R. Ashoka Rajan

Papers

A Multi-objective Routing Optimization Using Swarm Intelligence in IoT Networks