Author
R. L. Madekurozwa
Bio: R. L. Madekurozwa is an academic researcher from University of Zimbabwe. The author has contributed to research in topics: Seroprevalence & Outbreak. The author has an hindex of 4, co-authored 4 publications receiving 226 citations.
Topics: Seroprevalence, Outbreak, Foot-and-mouth disease
Papers
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TL;DR: Since no other cattle were present in the area and no outbreaks of SAT 1 had occurred in Zimbabwe since 1989, it was concluded that the disease had been transmitted from buffalo to cattle.
Abstract: An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurred during April 1991 in a trypanosomiasis sentinel cattle herd by the Rifa River to the east of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Despite the cattle having been vaccinated biannually for the previous five years the disease was severe. The viruses isolated from the affected animals were typed as FMD virus type SAT 1. Free-living African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) which had been using the same watering place as the affected cattle were sampled and FMD type SAT 1 virus was isolated. Partial nucleotide sequencing of the gene coding for the capsid protein 1D (VP1) of one of the viruses isolated from cattle and two of the viruses isolated from buffalo demonstrated a close relationship between the three viruses. Since no other cattle were present in the area and no outbreaks of SAT 1 had occurred in Zimbabwe since 1989, it was concluded that the disease had been transmitted from buffalo to cattle.
134 citations
TL;DR: The implementation of stamping out policy, bleeding and testing animals before movement and promoting the use self-contained units are likely to significantly reduce the public health risks associated with Brucella infections in cattle.
Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate seroprevalence of brucellosis and the associated risk factors in cattle from smallholder dairy farms in Gokwe, Marirangwe, Mushagashe, Nharira, Rusitu and Wedza areas of Zimbabwe. A total of 1,440 cattle from 203 herds were tested serially for Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal test and the competitive ELISA. Weighted seroprevalence estimates were calculated and risk factors in individual cattle investigated using logistic regression analysis. The overall individual animal brucellosis seroprevalence was low, with mean of 5.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.4%, 6.8%). Gokwe had the highest individual (12.6%; 95% CI, 3.9%, 21.4%) and herd-level (40.0%; 95% CI, 22.1%, 58.0%), while Wedza had the lowest individual (2.3%; 95% CI, 0%, 5.3%) and herd-level (8.0%; 95% CI, 0.0%, 18.9%) brucellosis seroprevalence, respectively. In individual cattle, the area of origin, age and history of abortion were independently associated with brucellosis seroprevalence. While the seroprevalence was independent of sex, it decreased with increasing age. Cattle 2–4 years old had higher odds (odds ratio (OR) = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1%, 9.1%) of being seropositive compared to those >7 years. Cows with a history of abortion were more likely to be seropositive (OR = 7.9; 95% CI, 3.1, 20.1) than controls. In conclusion, the area-to-area variation of brucellosis may be linked to ecological factors and differences in management practices. The implementation of stamping out policy, bleeding and testing animals before movement and promoting the use self-contained units are likely to significantly reduce the public health risks associated with Brucella infections in cattle.
80 citations
TL;DR: A blocking ELISA was developed for the detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3 and for the quantification of antibodies on a single dilution of serum and proved to be a reliable and precise method for the assessment of antibody levels.
27 citations
TL;DR: A retrospective study covering 10 years (1995 - 2004) was conducted to investigate brucellosis seroprevalence and patterns in commercial and smallholder mixed dairy-beef cattle in Zimbabwe using surveillance data from the Central Veterinary Laboratory at Harare as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A retrospective study covering 10 years (1995 – 2004) was conducted to investigate brucellosis seroprevalence and patterns in commercial and smallholder mixed dairy-beef cattle in Zimbabwe using surveillance data from the Central Veterinary Laboratory at Harare. Positive cases were analysed according to farming sector, administrative province, monthly and annual trends. The overall individual and herd- level brucellosis seroprevalence were estimated at 2.9% (2417/183990) and 17.8% (505/2833) respectively. Brucellosis seroprevalence varied significantly among the eight provinces of the country (p Key words: Brucellosis seroprevalence, mixed diary-beef cattle, Zimbabwe Une etude retrospective portant sur 10 annees (1995 - 2004) a ete menee afin d’evaluer la seroprevalence et les tendances de la brucellose aupres des petits exploitants commerciaux elevant des bovins laitiers et de viande au Zimbabwe ; en utilisant les donnees de surveillance du Laboratoire Central Veterinaire a Harare. Les cas positifs ont ete analyses en fonction du secteur agricole, de la province administrative, des tendances mensuelles et annuelles. La prevalence et la seroprevalence generales de la brucellose aux niveaux individuel et du troupeau ont ete estimees a 2,9% (2417/183990) et a 17,8% (505/2833), respectivement. La seroprevalence de brucellose a varie considerablement entre les huit provinces du pays (p Mots cles: seroprevalence de la brucellose, bovins de production mixte de lait et de viande de boeuf, Zimbabwe.
5 citations
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TL;DR: The reemergence of FMD in developed countries that had been disease free for many years is described and the effect that this has had on disease control strategies is described.
Abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen identified as a virus. Recent FMD outbreaks in developed countries and their significant economic impact have increased the concern of governments worldwide. This review describes the reemergence of FMD in developed countries that had been disease free for many years and the effect that this has had on disease control strategies. The etiologic agent, FMD virus (FMDV), a member of the Picornaviridae family, is examined in detail at the genetic, structural, and biochemical levels and in terms of its antigenic diversity. The virus replication cycle, including virus-receptor interactions as well as unique aspects of virus translation and shutoff of host macromolecular synthesis, is discussed. This information has been the basis for the development of improved protocols to rapidly identify disease outbreaks, to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals, and to begin to identify and test novel vaccine candidates. Furthermore, this knowledge, coupled with the ability to manipulate FMDV genomes at the molecular level, has provided the framework for examination of disease pathogenesis and the development of a more complete understanding of the virus and host factors involved.
1,574 citations
TL;DR: The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease is reviewed, taking account of knowledge gained from field and experimental studies and embracing investigations at the level of the virus, the cell, the organ, the whole animal and the herd or flock.
756 citations
TL;DR: For the first time, it is able to unequivocally show the recent pandemic spread of a FMDV type O strain through the whole of Asia and into Africa and Europe.
651 citations
TL;DR: The prospects for national, technically feasible, and economically viable, national brucellosis control programmes in most low-income countries are limited, however, some targeted control programmes will be beneficial and can probably be feasibly managed and provide good economic returns.
Abstract: Most data and evidence on the economic burden of brucellosis and the benefits of its control are from high-income and middle-income countries. However, the burden of brucellosis is greatest in low-income countries. This paper focuses on estimating the economic burdens of brucellosis in low-income countries in tropical Asia and Africa. The prospects for national, technically feasible, and economically viable, national brucellosis control programmes in most low-income countries are limited. However, some targeted control programmes will be beneficial and can probably be feasibly managed and provide good economic returns. More ambitious control will require a more general strengthening of Veterinary Services and livestock-sector capacity, using risk-management-based approaches.
321 citations