From the Publisher:
A valuable reference for the novice as well as for the expert who needs a wider scope of coverage within the area of cryptography, this book provides easy and rapid access of information and includes more than 200 algorithms and protocols; more than 200 tables and figures; more than 1,000 numbered definitions, facts, examples, notes, and remarks; and over 1,250 significant references, including brief comments on each paper.

Handbook of Applied Cryptography

One way hash functions are a major tool in cryptography. DES is the best known and most widely used encryption function in the commercial world today. Generating a one-way hash function which is secure if DES is a "good" block cipher would therefore be useful. We show three such functions which are secure if DES is a good random block cipher.

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One way hash functions and DES

The 802.11 standard for wireless networks includes a Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol, used to protect link-layer communications from eavesdropping and other attacks. We have discovered several serious security flaws in the protocol, stemming from mis-application of cryptographic primitives. The flaws lead to a number of practical attacks that demonstrate that WEP fails to achieve its security goals. In this paper, we discuss in detail each of the flaws, the underlying security principle violations, and the ensuing attacks.

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Intercepting mobile communications: the insecurity of 802.11

A network based mechanism for real time verification and authentication of data and user identities. The present invention enables a method whereby biometric elements, such as voice prints, are utilized to enhance the Public Key Infrastructure as a means to decrypt data and verify data authenticity, such that the user's private key is authenticated remotely on a one-time basis. The present invention comprises an authentication server ( 25 ) with various software modules that enable authentication of user identity, secure user access to data, digital signatures, secure messaging and secure online transactions.

Biometric-based system and method for enabling authentication of electronic messages sent over a network

The implications of adding security mechanisms to high-level network protocols operating in an open-system environment are analyzed. First the threats to security that may arise in such an environment are described, and then a set of goals for communications security measures is established. This is followed by a brief description of the two basic approaches to communications security, link-oriented measures and end-to-end measures, which concludes that end-to-end measures are more appropriate in an open-system environment. Next, relevant properties of data encryption--the fundamental technique on which all communications security mechanisms are based--are discussed. The remainder of the paper describes ho~w end-to-end measures can be used to achieve each of the security goals previously established.

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Security Mechanisms in High-Level Network Protocols

In the last chapter, we discussed the data integrity threats and the use of hashing technique to detect if any modification attacks have taken place on the data. Another type of threat that exist for data is the lack of message authentication. In this threat, the user is not sure about the originator of the message. Message authentication can be provided using the cryptographic techniques that use secret keys as done in case of encryption. Message Authentication Code MAC MAC algorithm is a symmetric key cryptographic technique to provide message authentication. For establishing MAC process, the sender and receiver share a symmetric key K. Essentially, a MAC is an encrypted checksum generated on the underlying message that is sent along with a message to ensure message authentication. The process of using MAC for authentication is depicted in the following illustration −

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/35/23834/01092643.pdf

Message authentication

In many applications of cryptography, assuring the authenticity of communications is as important as protecting their secrecy. A well known and secure method of providing message authentication is to compute a Message Authentication Code (MAC) by encrypting the message. If only one key is used to both encrypt and authenticate a message, however, the system is subject to several forms of cryptographic attack. Techniques have also been sought for combining secrecy and authentication in only one encryption pass, using a Manipulation Detection Code generated by noncryptographic means. Previous investigations have shown that a proposed MDC technique involving block-by-block Exclusive-ORing is not secure when used with the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode of operation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES]. It is shown here that the Cipher Feedback (CFEI) mode of operation exhibits similar weaknesses. A linear addition modulo 264 MDC is analyzed, including discussion of several novel attack scenarios. A Quadratic Congruential Manipulation Detection Code is proposed to avoid the problems of previous schemes.

R.R. Jueneman

Papers

Message authentication

Message Authentication with Manipulation Detection Code