There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

According to W. Edwards Deming, American companies require nothing less than a transformation of management style and of governmental relations with industry. In Out of the Crisis, originally published in 1982, Deming offers a theory of management based on his famous 14 Points for Management. Management's failure to plan for the future, he claims, brings about loss of market, which brings about loss of jobs. Management must be judged not only by the quarterly dividend, but by innovative plans to stay in business, protect investment, ensure future dividends, and provide more jobs through improved product and service. In simple, direct language, he explains the principles of management transformation and how to apply them.

Out of the Crisis

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

The spectrum sensing problem has gained new aspects with cognitive radio and opportunistic spectrum access concepts. It is one of the most challenging issues in cognitive radio systems. In this paper, a survey of spectrum sensing methodologies for cognitive radio is presented. Various aspects of spectrum sensing problem are studied from a cognitive radio perspective and multi-dimensional spectrum sensing concept is introduced. Challenges associated with spectrum sensing are given and enabling spectrum sensing methods are reviewed. The paper explains the cooperative sensing concept and its various forms. External sensing algorithms and other alternative sensing methods are discussed. Furthermore, statistical modeling of network traffic and utilization of these models for prediction of primary user behavior is studied. Finally, sensing features of some current wireless standards are given.

A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications

The pervasiveness of wireless technology has indeed created massive opportunity to integrate almost everything into the Internet fabric. This can be seen with the advent of Internet of Things and Cyber Physical Systems, which involves cooperation of massive number of intelligent devices to provide intelligent services. Fairness amongst these devices is an important issue that can be analysed from several dimensions, e.g., energy usage, achieving required quality of services, spectrum sharing, and so on. This article focusses on these viewpoints while looking at fairness research. To generalize, mainly wireless networks are considered. First, we present a general view of fairness studies, and pose three core questions that help us delineate the nuances in defining fairness. Then, the existing fairness models are summarized and compared. We also look into the major fairness research domains in wireless networks such as fair energy consumption control, power control, topology control, link and flow scheduling, channel assignment, rate allocation, congestion control and routing protocols. We make a distinction amongst fairness, utility and resource allocation to begin with. Later, we present their inter-relation. At the end of this article, we list the common properties of fairness and give an example of fairness management. Several open research challenges that point to further work on fairness in wireless networks are also discussed. Indeed, the research on fairness is entangled with many other aspects such as performance, utility, optimization and throughput at the network and node levels. While consolidating the contributions in the literature, this article tries to explain the niceties of all these aspects in the domain of wireless networking.

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Fairness in Wireless Networks:Issues, Measures and Challenges

Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communications and nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) are two important techniques to achieve high data rates in fifth-generation (5G) ultradense networks (UDNs). Due to interference that is intentionally added during the superpositioned transmissions with NOMA, an additional power budget is required to maintain the target block error rate (BLER). This necessitates the consideration of new approaches to ensure the power efficiency of NOMA systems. In this article, we show that this additional required power can be implemented using the directional transmission capabilities offered by mm-wave antenna arrays. Through the use of our small cells cluster simulations, we investigate the performance of NOMA in mm-wave frequency bands with consideration to the total system capacity, hybrid resource allocation, pairing probability, and power requirements. We demonstrate that a 30d beamwdith, as opposed to a typical 120? beamwidth, can result in a 20% system-capacity gain without requiring any extra transmission power. Our results indicate novel tradeoffs between system capacity, pairing probability, and transmission power in mm-wave NOMA networks owing to the effect of beamwidth variations. We conclude by summarizing the future challenges of NOMA in mm-wave bands.

Unveiling Capacity Gains in Ultradense Networks: Using mm-Wave NOMA

Currently deployed wireless emergency networks possess low spectrum efficiency, similar to their civilian wireless counterparts. It's due to the traditional radio frequency partitioning where each service has uniquely assigned bandwidth. To alleviate the problem one can propose dynamic channel assignment as a promising foundation for physical and link layer design of future wireless emergency communication networks. Here we identify functional requirements and system specifications for mobile ad hoc emergency networks built on top of cognitive radio. We also propose a simple Cognitive Radio medium access control protocol applicable to our network model, adopted from distributed channel assignment algorithm of IEEE 802.11

Cognitive radio emergency networks - requirements and design

The rapid developments in Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication make it necessary to design communication systems operating in different wireless spectrum as an alternative to highly congested wireless access systems. In addition, the deployment of wireless smart meter devices is ramping up and it is expected that such devices will flood the market in the near future competing for the same wireless spectrum. The IEEE 802.11ah standardization task group is developing a global Wireless LAN (WLAN) standard that will allow wireless access using carrier frequencies below 1 GHz in the ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band and will help Wi-Fi-enabled devices to get guaranteed access for short-burst data transmissions, such as meter data. In addition to exploiting the underutilized sub 1 GHz spectrum the improved coverage range allows new applications to emerge such as wide area based sensor networks, sensor backhaul systems and potential Wi-Fi off-loading functions. This paper summarizes the IEEE 802.11ah standardization activities in progress and discusses advantages and challenges in the design of physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) schemes in the sub 1 GHz band.

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IEEE 802.11ah: Advantages in standards and further challenges for sub 1 GHz Wi-Fi

The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) has boosted the growth in number of devices around us and kindled the possibility of umpteen number of applications. One of the major challenges in the realization of IoT applications is interoperability among various IoT devices and deployments. Thus, the need for a new architecture—comprising smart control and actuation—has been identified by many researchers. In this paper, we propose a Distributed Internet-like Architecture for Things (DIAT), which will overcome most of the obstacles in the process of large-scale expansion of IoT. It specifically addresses heterogeneity of IoT devices, and enables seamless addition of new devices across applications. In addition, we propose an usage control policy model to support security and privacy in a distributed environment. We propose a layered architecture that provides various levels of abstraction to tackle the issues such as scalability, heterogeneity, security, and interoperability. The proposed architecture is coupled with cognitive capabilities that helps in intelligent decision-making and enables automated service creation. Using a comprehensive use-case, comprising elements from multiple-application domains, we illustrate the usability of the proposed architecture.

R. Venkatesha Prasad

Papers

Fairness in Wireless Networks:Issues, Measures and Challenges

Unveiling Capacity Gains in Ultradense Networks: Using mm-Wave NOMA

Cognitive radio emergency networks - requirements and design

IEEE 802.11ah: Advantages in standards and further challenges for sub 1 GHz Wi-Fi

DIAT: A Scalable Distributed Architecture for IoT