R Wati

Bio: R Wati is an academic researcher from University of North Sumatra. The author has contributed to research in topics: Mangrove & Polyprenol reductase. The author has an hindex of 9, co-authored 43 publications receiving 285 citations.

Diversity and abundance of polyisoprenoid composition in coastal plant species from North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract: Basyuni M, Wati R, Sagami H, Sumardi, Baba S, Oku H. 2018. Diversity and abundance of polyisoprenoid composition in plant species from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1-11. The distribution and abundance of polyprenols (pol) and dolichols (dol) in the leaves and roots of fourteen coastal plants from North Sumatra, Indonesia were analysed using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. In the leaves, with respect to the distribution of pol and dol were detected and categorized into three-types. In type-I, the predominance of dol over pol, was observed in Barringtonia asiatica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Pandanus odoratissimus, and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis. In type-II, the presence of both pol and dol, was observed in Casuarina equisetifolia, Melastoma candidum, Morinda citrifolia, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Sesuvium portulacastrum and Terminalia catappa. In type-III, the predominance of pol over dol, was observed in Acacia auriculiformis, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Ricinus communis, and Pongamia pinnata. However, in the roots, a type-I distribution was observed in eleven species, while three species, A. auriculiformis, M. candidum, and M. citrifolia, corresponded to a type-II distribution instead of type-III. The diversity of polyisoprenoid composition in the leaves was noted, whereas 79% of root tissues indicated that dol occur more abundantly than pol. The range of the contents of polysioprenoid was 12-300 mg/g dw. The present study indicated that pol and dol could be useful in the classification of mangroves and other coastal forests and in phylogenetic studies. The diversity and presence of polyisoprenoids in coastal plants suggested that plant polyisoprenoids are chemotaxonomically important.

Salinity Alters the Polyisoprenoid Alcohol Content and Composition of Both Salt-Secreting and Non–Salt-Secreting Mangrove Seedlings

Abstract: The effects of salinity on the polyisoprenoid alcohol content and composition of the salt-secreting mangrove species Avicennia marina and Sonneratia alba and the non–salt-secreting species Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Kandelia obovata were studied. The seedlings of mangroves were grown for 5 months under 0% and 3% salt concentrations. The occurrence, content, and distribution of four mangrove seedlings were analyzed by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. The structural groups of the polyprenols and dolichols in the leaves and roots were classified into two types (I and II). In type I, dolichols predominated over polyprenols (more than 90%), whereas in type II, the occurrence of both polyprenols and dolichols was observed. Polyprenols were not detected in the leaves of A. marina and B. gymnorrhiza under 0% salt (control), but were detected in small amounts in K. obovata leaves; however, significant amounts were found in the 3% salinity group. This finding in A. marina , B. gymnorrhiza , and K. obovata leaves implies a change to the structural group: under 0% salt concentrations, the groups are classified as type I, but become type II under 3% salt concentrations. The occurrence of ficaprenol (C 50–55 ) was found only in the leaves of the non–salt-secreting species B. gymnorrhiza and K. obovata under 3% salinity and not in the salt-secreting species A. marina or S. alba . It is noteworthy that the polyisoprenoid type in the roots of the four species showed no change under salinity; the two salt-secreting species A. marina and S. alba contained type I under 0% and 3% salt concentrations. On the other hand, type II polyisoprenoids were identified in the non–salt-secreting species B. gymnorrhiza and K. obovata under 0% and 3% salinity conditions. This finding suggested that polyisoprenoids play a protective role against salinity in the mangrove leaves of both salt-secreting and non–salt-secreting species.

Diversity and habitat characteristics of macrozoobenthos in the mangrove forest of Lubuk Kertang Village, North Sumatra

Abstract: Basyuni M, Gultom K, Fitri A, Susetya EA, Wati R, Slamet B, Sulistiyono N, Yusriani E, Balke T, Bunting P. 2018. Diversity and habitat characteristics of macrozoobenthos in the mangrove forest of Lubuk Kertang Village, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 311-317. Mangrove plays an important role in coastal ecosystems including ecological, social, and economic aspects. This study aimed to determine the diversity of macrozoobenthos and water quality based on diversity index (H’), similarity Index (E), and dominance index (D) in the mangrove of Lubuk Kertang Village North Sumatra, Indonesia. The samples of macrozoobenthos (biological parameter) and water quality (physical and chemical parameters) were collected from fifteen plots in three different stations. Macrozoobenthos were collected in 1 m × 1 m transect in the mangrove forest. The biota was taken by using a shovel, inserted into a plastic bag, and identified. Results showed that eight species of macrozoobenthos were found and classified into three classes of Gastropod, Bivalvia, and Malacostraca. The highest diversity index (H?) of macrozoobenthos was found at Station II (2.39), the highest evenness index (E) was located at Station I (0.54), and the highest dominance index (D) was found at Station II (0.34). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the habitat characteristics of macrozoobenthos. PCA confirmed that station III was a habitat with suitable characteristics for the life of macrozoobenthos indicating the negative axis. The present study suggested four parameters namely salinity, clay temperature, and dissolved oxygen that should be preserved to support the survival of macrozoobenthos in the mangrove forests.

Antimicrobial Activity of Polyisoprenoids of Sixteen Mangrove Species from North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract: Sumardi, Basyuni M, Wati R. 2018. Antimicrobial activity of polyisoprenoids of sixteen mangrove species from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1243-1248. Mangroves including those that are distributed in the coast of North Sumatra contain polyisoprenoid with varying levels of polyprenol and dolichol constituents. Differences in polyisoprenoid levels were closely related to the salinity of sea but the information about their biological activities is scarce. The present study aimed to describe the biological activities, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal effects of polyisoprenoid extracts from sixteen mangrove species of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Polyisoprenoids were isolated from mangrove leaves and tested for their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Meanwhile, their antioxidant activity was represented by their capacity in scavenging DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical agents. The most predominant polyisoprenoids found in sixteen mangrove leaf extracts was dolichols (75%). Polyprenols-dominant species, Acacia auriculiformis, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pongamia pinnata, and Ricinus communis, and dolichols-dominant species, Avicennia lanata, Av. marina, Av. officinalis, Barringtonia asiatica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Calophyllum inophyllum, Nypa fruticans, and Pandanus odoratissimus, inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. However, the antioxidant activity of those sixteen mangrove species was of a weak category. Surprisingly, all other mangroves polyisoprenoid extracts did not inhibit C. albicans growth. This study suggested that polyisoprenoids in mangroves have potential antibacterial properties to be developed further.

Polyisoprenoids from Avicennia marina and Avicennia lanata inhibit WiDr cells proliferation

Abstract: Objectives: The current investigation was conducted to examine the anticancer effect of polyisoprenoids from Avicennia marina and Avicennia lanata leaves in WiDr cells. Selectivity index (SI), cell cycle inhibition, and apoptosis activity were evaluated. Materials and Methods: The anticancer activity of polyisoprenoids from A. marina and A. lanata leaves was determined by observing the activity of these compounds toward WiDr cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The SI was determined from the IC50 of the polyisoprenoid extract in normal cells (Vero) versus cancer cells (WiDr). Inhibited cell cycle and increased apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Polyisoprenoid extract from A. marina and A. lanata leaves exhibited anticancer activity against WiDr cells with an IC50 of 154.987 μg/mL and 305.928 μg/mL, respectively. The polyisoprenoid extract from A. marina leaves had an SI value of 5.195 (>3) for categorization as exceptionally selective. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the inhibition occurred in the G0–G1 phase and apoptosis occurred in the early-apoptosis development. Conclusion: Polyisoprenoids from A. marina and A. lanata leaves can be used as anticancer agents against WiDr colon cancer cells. The mechanisms that underlie anticancer activity of the extract were due to by inhibiting of cell cycle and inducing of apoptosis. Abbreviations used: DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, PBS: Phosphate buffer saline, SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate.

The Botany Of Mangroves

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Disentangling the numbers behind agriculture-driven tropical deforestation

Abstract: Tropical deforestation continues at alarming rates with profound impacts on ecosystems, climate, and livelihoods, prompting renewed commitments to halt its continuation. Although it is well established that agriculture is a dominant driver of deforestation, rates and mechanisms remain disputed and often lack a clear evidence base. We synthesize the best available pantropical evidence to provide clarity on how agriculture drives deforestation. Although most (90 to 99%) deforestation across the tropics 2011 to 2015 was driven by agriculture, only 45 to 65% of deforested land became productive agriculture within a few years. Therefore, ending deforestation likely requires combining measures to create deforestation-free supply chains with landscape governance interventions. We highlight key remaining evidence gaps including deforestation trends, commodity-specific land-use dynamics, and data from tropical dry forests and forests across Africa. Description Forest loss for food Agricultural expansion is recognized as a major driver of forest loss in the tropics. However, accurate data on the links between agriculture and tropical deforestation are lacking. Pendrill et al. synthesized existing research and datasets to quantify the extent to which tropical deforestation from 2011 to 2015 was associated with agriculture. They estimated that at least 90% of deforested land occurred in landscapes where agriculture drove forest loss, but only about half was converted into productive agricultural land. Data availability and trends vary across regions, suggesting complex links between agriculture and forest loss. —BEL A review shows that most tropical deforestation is associated, directly or indirectly, with agriculture. BACKGROUND Agricultural expansion is a primary cause of tropical deforestation and therefore a key driver of greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, and the degradation of ecosystem services vital to the livelihoods of forest-dependent and rural people. However, agriculture-driven deforestation can take many forms, from the direct expansion of pastures and cropland into forests to more complex or indirect pathways. A clear understanding of the different ways in which agriculture drives deforestation is essential for designing effective policy responses. To address this need we provide a review of the literature on pantropical agriculture-driven deforestation and synthesize the best available evidence to quantify dominant agricultural land-use changes relating to deforestation. We consider the policy implications of this assessment, especially for burgeoning demand-side and supply-chain interventions seeking to address deforestation. ADVANCES New methods and data have advanced our understanding of deforestation and subsequent land uses. However, only a handful of studies estimate agriculture-driven deforestation across the entirety of the tropics. Although these studies agree that agriculture is the dominant land use following forest clearing, their estimates of pantropical rates of agriculture-driven deforestation during the period 2011 to 2015 vary greatly—between 4.3 and 9.6 million hectares (Mha) per year—with our synthesized estimate being 6.4 to 8.8 Mha per year. This apparent uncertainty in the amount of agriculture-driven deforestation can be disentangled by distinguishing between the different ways in which agriculture contributes to deforestation; we find that while the overwhelming majority (90 to 99%) of tropical deforestation occurs in landscapes where agriculture is the dominant driver of tree cover loss, a smaller share (45 to 65%) of deforestation is due to the expansion of active agricultural production into forests. Multiple lines of evidence show that the remainder of agriculture-driven deforestation does not result in the expansion of productive agricultural land but instead is a result of activities such as speculative clearing, land tenure issues, short-lived and abandoned agriculture, and agriculture-related fires spreading to adjacent forests. Different land uses and commodities often interact to drive deforestation. However, pasture expansion is the most important driver by far, accounting for around half of the deforestation resulting in agricultural production across the tropics. Oil palm and soy cultivation together account for at least a fifth, and six other crops—rubber, cocoa, coffee, rice, maize, and cassava—likely account for most of the remainder, with large regional variations and higher levels of uncertainty. OUTLOOK This Review points to three key areas where a stronger evidence base would advance global efforts to curb agriculture-driven deforestation: First, consistent pantropical data on deforestation trends are lacking. This limits our ability to assess overall progress on reducing deforestation and account for leakage across regions. Second, with the exception of soy and oil palm the attribution of deforestation to forest risk commodities is often based on coarse-grained agricultural statistics, outdated or modeled maps, or local case studies. Third, uncertainties are greatest in dry and seasonal tropics and across the African continent in particular. This assessment highlights that although public and private policies promoting deforestation-free international supply chains have a critical role to play, their ability to reduce deforestation on the ground is fundamentally limited. One-third to one-half of agriculture-driven deforestation does not result in actively managed agricultural land. Moreover, the majority—approximately three-quarters—of the expansion of agriculture into forests is driven by domestic demand in producer countries, especially for beef and cereals, including much of the deforestation across the African continent. These data suggest that the potential for international supply chain measures to help reduce tropical deforestation is more likely to be achieved through interventions in deforestation risk areas that focus on strengthening sustainable rural development and territorial governance. Agriculture contributes to deforestation in many ways which often interact. Most tropical deforestation occurs in landscapes where agriculture is the dominant driver of forest loss. Part of this agriculture-driven deforestation results in agricultural production (left) meeting domestic and export demand for various agricultural commodities. However, agriculture-driven deforestation also occurs without expansion of managed agricultural land through several mechanisms (right), which may lead to the deforested area being abandoned or semi-abandoned. Incomplete agricultural records also explain a share of such deforestation.

Salinity Alters the Polyisoprenoid Alcohol Content and Composition of Both Salt-Secreting and Non–Salt-Secreting Mangrove Seedlings

Abstract: The effects of salinity on the polyisoprenoid alcohol content and composition of the salt-secreting mangrove species Avicennia marina and Sonneratia alba and the non–salt-secreting species Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Kandelia obovata were studied. The seedlings of mangroves were grown for 5 months under 0% and 3% salt concentrations. The occurrence, content, and distribution of four mangrove seedlings were analyzed by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. The structural groups of the polyprenols and dolichols in the leaves and roots were classified into two types (I and II). In type I, dolichols predominated over polyprenols (more than 90%), whereas in type II, the occurrence of both polyprenols and dolichols was observed. Polyprenols were not detected in the leaves of A. marina and B. gymnorrhiza under 0% salt (control), but were detected in small amounts in K. obovata leaves; however, significant amounts were found in the 3% salinity group. This finding in A. marina , B. gymnorrhiza , and K. obovata leaves implies a change to the structural group: under 0% salt concentrations, the groups are classified as type I, but become type II under 3% salt concentrations. The occurrence of ficaprenol (C 50–55 ) was found only in the leaves of the non–salt-secreting species B. gymnorrhiza and K. obovata under 3% salinity and not in the salt-secreting species A. marina or S. alba . It is noteworthy that the polyisoprenoid type in the roots of the four species showed no change under salinity; the two salt-secreting species A. marina and S. alba contained type I under 0% and 3% salt concentrations. On the other hand, type II polyisoprenoids were identified in the non–salt-secreting species B. gymnorrhiza and K. obovata under 0% and 3% salinity conditions. This finding suggested that polyisoprenoids play a protective role against salinity in the mangrove leaves of both salt-secreting and non–salt-secreting species.

Molecular insight to influential role of Hha-TomB toxin-antitoxin system for antibacterial activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles.

Abstract: Emergence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a potent antibacterial agent for clinical application has raised attention towards its mode of action and needs detailed understanding of the mechanism. The current study investigates the influential role of Hha–TomB toxin–antitoxin system in determination of AgNPs antibacterial activity. AgNPs were synthesized by biogenic process using bacterial supernatant and were characterized for their physiochemical properties. Microbiological and computational assays like molecular docking, growth curve analysis, live/dead assay, oxidative stress and apoptosis assay were performed with wild type (WT) and mutants (Δhha, ΔtomB) strains treated with AgNPs for elucidation of mechanism. Stable AgNPs having size 30–40 nm and zeta potential –32 ± 09 mV were synthesized. AgNPs have shown significant antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium. Influential role of Hha–TomB TA proteins was observed in antibacterial effect by their altered expression level change in ROS l...