Author
Rafferty Laredo
Bio: Rafferty Laredo is an academic researcher from United Spinal Association. The author has contributed to research in topics: Spinal cord injury & Health care. The author has an hindex of 2, co-authored 2 publications receiving 9 citations.
Topics: Spinal cord injury, Health care, Guideline, Neurogenic Bowel
Papers
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TL;DR: These guidelines have been prepared based on scientific and professional information ava... as discussed by the authors, and are based on the guidelines of the Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) organization.
Abstract: Financial support provided by the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation.© Copyright 2020, Paralyzed Veterans of AmericaThese guidelines have been prepared based on scientific and professional information ava...
15 citations
TL;DR: These guidelines have been prepared based on scientific and professional information ava... as discussed by the authors, and are based on the guidelines of the Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) organization.
Abstract: Financial support provided by the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation.© Copyright 2020, Paralyzed Veterans of AmericaThese guidelines have been prepared based on scientific and professional information ava...
10 citations
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TL;DR: The pathophysiology of traumatic SCI, current and emerging methods of classification, and its influence on sensory/motor function are outlined, and the probable comorbidities associated with SCI are introduced.
Abstract: The spinal cord is a conduit within the central nervous system (CNS) that provides ongoing communication between the brain and the rest of the body, conveying complex sensory and motor information necessary for safety, movement, reflexes, and optimization of autonomic function. After a spinal cord injury (SCI), supraspinal influences on the spinal segmental control system and autonomic nervous system (ANS) are disrupted, leading to spastic paralysis, pain and dysesthesia, sympathetic blunting and parasympathetic dominance resulting in cardiac dysrhythmias, systemic hypotension, bronchoconstriction, copious respiratory secretions and uncontrolled bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction. This article outlines the pathophysiology of traumatic SCI, current and emerging methods of classification, and its influence on sensory/motor function, and introduces the probable comorbidities associated with SCI that will be discussed in more detail in the accompanying manuscripts of this special issue.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a brief history of the Spinal Cord Medicine is described, and the author describes how to determine the level and severity of a SCI based on the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal cord Injury and the prognosis factors of recovery.
6 citations
TL;DR: The structure and function of the integumentary system is reviewed, and the multidisciplinary approach required to prevent and manage pressure injuries in this vulnerable population is addressed.
Abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in motor paralysis and sensory loss that places individuals at particularly high risk of pressure injuries. Multiple comorbidities associated with autonomic, cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, neurological, and musculoskeletal dysfunction makes it even more likely that pressure injuries will occur. This manuscript will review the structure and function of the integumentary system, and address the multidisciplinary approach required to prevent and manage pressure injuries in this vulnerable population.
6 citations
TL;DR: The pathophysiology of SCI on the ANS, clinical ramifications of autonomic dysfunction, and the potential long-term sequelae of these influences following SCI are outlined.
Abstract: The autonomic nervous system (ANS), composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, acts to maintain homeostasis in the body through autonomic influences on the smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, blood vessels, glands and organs of the body. The parasympathetic nervous system interacts via the cranial and sacral segments of the central nervous system, and the sympathetic nervous system arises from the T1–L2 spinal cord segments. After a spinal cord injury (SCI), supraspinal influence on the ANS is disrupted, leading to sympathetic blunting and parasympathetic dominance resulting in cardiac dysrhythmias, systemic hypotension, bronchoconstriction, copious respiratory secretions and uncontrolled bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction. Further, afferent signals to the sympathetic cord elicit unabated reflex sympathetic outflow in response to noxious stimuli below the level of SCI. This article outlines the pathophysiology of SCI on the ANS, clinical ramifications of autonomic dysfunction, and the potential long-term sequelae of these influences following SCI.
4 citations