Rajan Palui

Bio: Rajan Palui is an academic researcher from Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research. The author has contributed to research in topics: Medicine & Internal medicine. The author has an hindex of 5, co-authored 14 publications receiving 77 citations. Previous affiliations of Rajan Palui include The Mission Hospital, Durgapur & Mission Health System.

SGLT-2 inhibitors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

Abstract: SGLT-2 inhibitors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

Effect of cabergoline monotherapy in Cushing’s disease: an individual participant data meta-analysis

Abstract: The primary treatment of choice for Cushing’s disease (CD) is the removal of the pituitary adenoma by transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). The surgical failure is seen in up to 75% of cases depending on the experience of the surgeon in different studies. Medical therapy is one of the options for the treatment of recurrent or persistent CD. The primary outcome of this meta-analysis was to find the proportion of patients achieving normalisation of 24-h urinary free cortisol (remission of CD) following cabergoline monotherapy. Literature search was conducted in January 2018 in PubMed/MEDLINE database from its date of inception to 31st December 2017. The search strategy used was “[(cushing) OR Cushing’s] AND cabergoline”. Individual participant data were extracted from the included studies and risk of bias was analysed by review checklist proposed by MOOSE. The individual participant data of 124 patients from six observational studies were included in this meta-analysis. 92 patients (74.2%) had past pituitary surgery. The proportion of patients achieving remission of CD with cabergoline monotherapy was 39.4% (95% confidence interval 0.31–0.49; P = 0.026). The previous surgery [odds ratio (OR) 28.4], duration of cabergoline monotherapy (OR 1.31) and maximum cabergoline dose (OR 0.19) were predictors for remission of CD. Mild and severe side effects were reported in 37.3% and 5.6% of patients, respectively, during cabergoline monotherapy. This meta-analysis shows that cabergoline monotherapy is a reasonable alternative for subjects with persistent or recurrent CD after TSS. It can also be used in CD patients either as a bridge therapy while waiting for surgery or in those unwilling for surgery or have contraindication to it.

Role of bisphosphonates in the management of acute Charcot foot.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of Charcot neuropathy affecting foot and ankle. Acute Charcot foot (CF) presents with a red and swollen foot in contrast to the painless deformed one of chronic CF. Enhanced osteoclastogenesis plays a central role in the pathogenesis of acute CF. Many studies have shown elevated levels of bone turnover markers in patients with acute CF confirming it. These findings have led clinicians to use anti-resorptive agents [bisphosphonates (BP), calcitonin, and denosumab] along with immobilization and offloading in acute CF patients. The maximum evidence among all anti-resorptive agents is available for BPs, although its quality is low. Pamidronate has been shown to reduce the markers of activity of CF like raised skin temperature, pain, edema, and bone turnover markers in the majority of studies. Intravenous BPs are known to cause acute phase reactions leading to flu-like illness following their first infusion, which can be ameliorated by oral acetaminophen. Alendronate is the only oral BP used in these patients. It needs to be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water to avoid esophagitis. The side-effects and contraindications to BPs should be kept in mind while treating acute CF patients with them.

Heterogeneity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Implications for clinical practice and research activity

Abstract: Heterogeneity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Implications for clinical practice and research activity

Effect of metformin on thyroid function tests in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: an open-label randomised controlled trial

Abstract: Though most of the observational studies have shown that metformin can reduce serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level in patients of hypothyroidism with diabetes or polycystic ovarian disease, randomised controlled trials are sparse. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of metformin on thyroid function tests (TSH, free T4, and free T3) in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). In this open label, parallel arm, randomised controlled trial, 60 patients of SCH (TSH 5.5–10 mIU/L) were randomised to either metformin group (1500 mg/day) or control group. A total of 46 patients (23 in each group) completed the study and no significant difference in serum TSH, free T4 or free T3 was found in between the 2 groups. Neither there was any significant change in serum TSH, free T4 or free T3 (pre and post 6 months) within the individual groups. However, the rate of normalisation of serum TSH in patients with negative thyroid antibody was significantly higher than patients with positive thyroid antibody (71.4% vs. 18.8%; P = 0.026) in metformin group in post hoc analysis. Fasting plasma glucose, serum high-density lipoprotein and indices of insulin sensitivity significantly improved in metformin group. Four patients (17%) had mild gastrointestinal adverse effects in the metformin group. We did not find any significant change in thyroid function test in patients with SCH with metformin therapy.

NAFLD as a continuum: from obesity to metabolic syndrome and diabetes

Abstract: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing rapidly. It is nowadays recognized as the most frequent liver disease, affecting a quarter of global population and regularly coexisting with metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. In a more simplistic view, NAFLD could be defined as an increase in liver fat content, in the absence of secondary cause of steatosis. In fact, the clinical onset of the disease is a much more complex process, closely related to insulin resistance, limited expandability and dysfunctionality of adipose tissue. A fatty liver is a main driver for a new recognized liver-pancreatic α-cell axis and increased glucagon, contributing to diabetes pathophysiology. This review will focus on the clinical and pathophysiological connections between NAFLD, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We reviewed non-invasive methods and several scoring systems for estimative of steatosis and fibrosis, proposing a multistep process for NAFLD evaluation. We will also discuss treatment options with a more comprehensive view, focusing on the current available therapies for obesity and/or type 2 diabetes that impact each stage of NAFLD. The proper understanding of NAFLD spectrum—as a continuum from obesity to metabolic syndrome and diabetes—may contribute to the early identification and for establishment of targeted treatment.

Subclinical hypothyroidism

Abstract: Subclinical hypothyroidism is one of subclinical thyroid diseases, which is defined as "a serum thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) concentration above the statistically defined upper limit of the ref-erence range when serum free T4 concentration is within its reference range". The average worldwide preva-lence has been reported to be in the range of 4%-10% ,mainly among women and the elderly. The most com-monly cause of subclinical hypothyroidism is Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with disorders of serum lipid, development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, presence of cognitive impairment,infertility and miscarriage. L-thyroxine substitutive therapy is recommended when TSH is above 10 mIU/L. Patients with serum TSH between 4 and 10 mIU/L should be monitored frequently especially if thyroperoxidase antibody is positive. The goal of the therapy for the pregnant women with subclinical hypothy-roidism is serum TSH less than 2.5 mIU/L. Key words: Subclinical hypothyroidism; Thyroid stimulating hormone; L-thyroxine; Thyroperoxidase anti-body

NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases: a clinical review.

Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver DISEASE (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in Western countries and affects approximately 25% of the adult population. Since NAFLD is frequently associated with further metabolic comorbidities such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemia, it is generally considered as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. In addition to its potential to cause liver-related morbidity and mortality, NAFLD is also associated with subclinical and clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). Growing evidence indicates that patients with NAFLD are at substantial risk for the development of hypertension, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac arrhythmias, which clinically result in increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The natural history of NAFLD is variable and the vast majority of patients will not progress from simple steatosis to fibrosis and end stage liver disease. However, patients with progressive forms of NAFLD, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and/or advanced fibrosis, as well as NAFLD patients with concomitant types 2 diabetes are at highest risk for CVD. This review describes the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms linking NAFLD and CVD, discusses the role of NAFLD as a metabolic dysfunction associated cardiovascular risk factor, and focuses on common cardiovascular manifestations in NAFLD patients.

Evolution of NAFLD and Its Management

Abstract: The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to be 25% and continues to rise worldwide in the setting of the obesity epidemic. This increase is especially concerning because NAFLD is often a progressive disease that can be associated with significant complications such as liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and an increase in liver-related and overall mortality. Because of the devastating complications and comorbidities, NAFLD is a very costly disease for the healthcare system, with estimated annual direct medical costs exceeding $100 billion in the United States alone. Given this progressive course, it is imperative to make the diagnosis in patients with risk factors (metabolic syndrome, weight gain, and insulin resistance/diabetes). Once the diagnosis is made, the focus should shift to treatment and monitoring for the development of associated complications. Given that currently no pharmaceutical intervention is approved for the treatment of NAFLD, focus shifts instead to mitigation of risk factors through avoidance of foods that are rich in red meat, trans fats, refined carbohydrates, and high-fructose corn syrup; are low fiber; and have high energy density. The landmark of treatment, however, continues to be weight loss and improvement of insulin resistance, often through a multimodality approach. The current manuscript reviews the clinical phenotypes of NAFLD, its risk factors, and pathogenesis, as well as treatment options including lifestyle modifications and dietary interventions, medical therapies, endoscopic bariatric interventions, and bariatric surgery.