The increasing use of wireless networks and the constant miniaturization of electrical devices has empowered the development of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In these networks various sensors are attached on clothing or on the body or even implanted under the skin. The wireless nature of the network and the wide variety of sensors offer numerous new, practical and innovative applications to improve health care and the Quality of Life. The sensors of a WBAN measure for example the heartbeat, the body temperature or record a prolonged electrocardiogram. Using a WBAN, the patient experiences a greater physical mobility and is no longer compelled to stay in the hospital. This paper offers a survey of the concept of Wireless Body Area Networks. First, we focus on some applications with special interest in patient monitoring. Then the communication in a WBAN and its positioning between the different technologies is discussed. An overview of the current research on the physical layer, existing MAC and network protocols is given. Further, cross layer and quality of service is discussed. As WBANs are placed on the human body and often transport private data, security is also considered. An overview of current and past projects is given. Finally, the open research issues and challenges are pointed out.

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A survey on wireless body area networks

The distributed nature and dynamic topology of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) introduces very special requirements in routing protocols that should be met. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network's lifetime. During the recent years, many energy efficient routing protocols have been proposed for WSNs. In this paper, energy efficient routing protocols are classified into four main schemes: Network Structure, Communication Model, Topology Based and Reliable Routing. The routing protocols belonging to the first category can be further classified as flat or hierarchical. The routing protocols belonging to the second category can be further classified as Query-based or Coherent and non-coherent-based or Negotiation-based. The routing protocols belonging to the third category can be further classified as Location-based or Mobile Agent-based. The routing protocols belonging to the fourth category can be further classified as QoS-based or Multipath-based. Then, an analytical survey on energy efficient routing protocols for WSNs is provided. In this paper, the classification initially proposed by Al-Karaki, is expanded, in order to enhance all the proposed papers since 2004 and to better describe which issues/operations in each protocol illustrate/enhance the energy-efficiency issues.

Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Wireless sensor network (WSN) has emerged as one of the most promising technologies for the future. This has been enabled by advances in technology and availability of small, inexpensive, and smart sensors resulting in cost effective and easily deployable WSNs. However, researchers must address a variety of challenges to facilitate the widespread deployment of WSN technology in real-world domains. In this survey, we give an overview of wireless sensor networks and their application domains including the challenges that should be addressed in order to push the technology further. Then we review the recent technologies and testbeds for WSNs. Finally, we identify several open research issues that need to be investigated in future.

Our survey is different from existing surveys in that we focus on recent developments in wireless sensor network technologies. We review the leading research projects, standards and technologies, and platforms. Moreover, we highlight a recent phenomenon in WSN research that is to explore synergy between sensor networks and other technologies and explain how this can help sensor networks achieve their full potential. This paper intends to help new researchers entering the domain of WSNs by providing a comprehensive survey on recent developments.

Wireless sensor networks: a survey on recent developments and potential synergies

The role of big data in smart city

The past few years have witnessed increased interest in the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in a wide range of applications and it has become a hot research area. Based on network structure, routing protocols in WSNs can be divided into two categories: flat routing and hierarchical or clustering routing. Owing to a variety of advantages, clustering is becoming an active branch of routing technology in WSNs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive and fine grained survey on clustering routing protocols proposed in the literature for WSNs. We outline the advantages and objectives of clustering for WSNs, and develop a novel taxonomy of WSN clustering routing methods based on complete and detailed clustering attributes. In particular, we systematically analyze a few prominent WSN clustering routing protocols and compare these different approaches according to our taxonomy and several significant metrics. Finally, we summarize and conclude the paper with some future directions.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/8/11113/pdf

A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Compared with traditional wireless networks, WSNs are characterized with denser levels of node deployment, higher unreliability of sensor nodes and severe power, computation and memory constraints. Various design challenges such as energy efficiency, data delivery models, quality of service, overheads etc., for routing protocols in WSNs are highlighted. We addressed most of the proposed routing methods along with scheme designs, benefits and result analysis wherever possible. The routing protocols discussed are classified into seven categories such as Data centric routing, Hierarchical routing, Location based routing, Negotiation based routing, Multipath based routing, Quality of Service (QoS) routing and Mobility based routing. This paper also compares the routing protocols against parameters such as power consumption, scalability, mobility, optimal routing and data aggregation. The paper concludes with possible open research issues in WSNs.

A survey on routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Review: Review of multicast routing mechanisms in mobile ad hoc networks

A novel miniaturized five band metamaterial inspired slot antenna is reported. The proposed design consists of a ring monopole and metamaterial Rectangular Complementary Split Ring Resonator (RCSRR) as the radiating part, two L and one T–shaped slot as the ground plane, respectively. Miniaturization in the proposed design is accomplished by metamaterial RCSRR, and also, it helps the antenna to operate at 2.9 and 5.2 GHz frequency bands. The aforementioned miniaturization process leads to about 46.8% reduction in volume of the proposed design, as compared to the conventional antenna. The pass band characteristics of the metamaterial RCSRR through waveguide medium are discussed in detail. In order to enhance the operating abilities of the miniaturized antenna, slots are etched out in the ground plane, thereby making the miniaturized antenna further operate at 2.4, 5.6 and 8.8 GHz, respectively. The proposed design has an active patch area of only , with dB bandwidth of about 4.16% (2.35–2.45 GHz), 5.71% (2.63–2.76 GHz), 10.25% (4.44–4.92 GHz), 6.25% (5.42–5.77 GHz) and 2.39% (8.68–8.89 GHz) in simulation, and about 6.86% (2.25–2.41 GHz), 5.01% (2.55–2.7 GHz), 9.16% (4.58–5.02 GHz), 5.38% (5.79–6.11 GHz) and 5.42% (8.44–8.91 GHz) in measurement. The antenna has good impedance matching, acceptable gain and stable radiation characteristics across the operational bandwidths.

A miniaturized metamaterial slot antenna for wireless applications

This research presents a novel four band frequency reconfigurable antenna for 1.6 (Global Navigation Satellite system (GNSS)), 2.5 (Lower Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), 5.8 (Wireless local area network (WLAN)) and 9.8 GHz (X-band) frequency bands. The antenna has a compact size of 0 . 18 λ 0 × 0.18 λ 0 × 0.0096 λ 0 at lower resonance of 1.8 GHz and is printed on FR4 material with height (h) = 1.6 mm, dielectric constant ( ( e r ) = 4.4 and loss tangent ( δ ) = 0.02. Multiband phenomenon in the antenna is achieved by etching trapezoidal slot in the radiating monopole and rectangular slots in the ground plane. Frequency reconfiguration in the proposed structure is achieved by placing PIN diode switch between rectangular slot placed in the ground plane. During OFF state, the antenna exhibit quad band with S11

Rajashekhar C. Biradar

Papers

A survey on routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Review: Review of multicast routing mechanisms in mobile ad hoc networks

A miniaturized metamaterial slot antenna for wireless applications

A multiband reconfigurable slot antenna for wireless applications

Fault tolerance in wireless sensor network using hand-off and dynamic power adjustment approach