Showing papers by "Rajesh Kumar published in 2001"

Dendritic cell modulation by 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs: A vitamin D receptor-dependent pathway that promotes a persistent state of immaturity in vitro and in vivo

Abstract: Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in regulating immune activation and responses to self. DC maturation is central to the outcome of antigen presentation to T cells. Maturation of DCs is inhibited by physiological levels of 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)] and a related analog, 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-16-ene-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-vitamin D(3) (D(3) analog). Conditioning of bone marrow cultures with 10(-10) M D(3) analog resulted in accumulation of immature DCs with reduced IL-12 secretion and without induction of transforming growth factor beta1. These DCs retained an immature phenotype after withdrawal of D(3) analog and exhibited blunted responses to maturing stimuli (CD40 ligation, macrophage products, or lipopolysaccharide). Resistance to maturation depended on the presence of the 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) receptor (VDR). In an in vivo model of DC-mediated antigen-specific sensitization, D(3) analog-conditioned DCs failed to sensitize and, instead, promoted prolonged survival of subsequent skin grafts expressing the same antigen. To investigate the physiologic significance of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)/VDR-mediated modulation of DC maturity we analyzed DC populations from mice lacking VDR. Compared with wild-type animals, VDR-deficient mice had hypertrophy of subcutaneous lymph nodes and an increase in mature DCs in lymph nodes but not spleen. We conclude that 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)/VDR mediates physiologically relevant inhibition of DC maturity that is resistant to maturational stimuli and modulates antigen-specific immune responses in vivo.

Differentiation of tuberculous from pyogenic brain abscesses with in vivo proton MR spectroscopy and magnetization transfer MR imaging.

Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging features are nonspecific with respect to the causative organism for patients with brain abscesses. On the basis of the hypothesis that the biochemical environment depends on the infecting organism and might be different in tuberculous compared with pyogenic brain abscesses, this study attempted to determine whether pyogenic brain abscesses can be differentiated from tuberculous brain abscesses by use of magnetization transfer (MT) MR imaging and in vivo proton MR spectroscopy. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with a total of 33 pyogenic brain abscesses and three patients with a total of 12 tuberculous abscesses were evaluated with in vivo MR spectroscopy and MT MR imaging. The diagnosis in all cases was based on the culture of the causative organisms and histopathology whenever done as a part of clinical management. RESULTS: All 27 patients with pyogenic brain abscesses had lipid and lactate levels of 1.3 ppm and amino acid levels of 0.9 ppm with or without the presence of succinate, acetate, alanine, and glycine, while the three patients with tuberculous abscesses showed only such lipid and lactate levels. The MT ratio from the wall of the pyogenic abscesses was significantly higher (P CONCLUSION: It might be possible to differentiate tuberculous abscesses from pyogenic abscesses by using MT MR imaging and in vivo MR spectroscopy, which could be of value in influencing the management of such cases.

Method of pose estimation and model refinement for video representation of a three dimensional scene

Abstract: The present invention is embodied in a video flashlight method. This method creates virtual images of a scene using a dynamically updated three-dimensional model of the scene and at least one video sequence of images. An estimate of the camera pose is generated by comparing a present image to the three-dimensional model. Next, relevant features of the model are selected based on the estimated pose. The relevant features are then virtually projected onto the estimated pose and matched to features of the image. Matching errors are measured between the relevant features of the virtual projection and the features of the image. The estimated pose is then updated to reduce these matching errors. The model is also refined with updated information from the image. Meanwhile, a viewpoint for a virtual image is selected. The virtual image is then created by projecting the dynamically updated three-dimensional model onto the selected virtual viewpoint.

A single nucleotide polymorphism in the 3'untranslated region of the CDKN2A gene is common in sporadic primary melanomas but mutations in the CDKN2B, CDKN2C, CDK4 and p53 genes are rare.

Abstract: In this report we present the results of mutational analysis of the CDKN2B, CDKN2C, CDK4, p53 genes and 5′UTR of the CDKN2A gene in a set of 44 sporadic primary melanomas, which had been earlier analysed for mutations in the CDKN2A (p16/p14ARF) gene. No tumour-associated mutations were detected except in 1 melanoma where we found a CC>T* deletion-mutation in the codon 151–152 (exon 5) of the p53 gene. On the basis of our preliminary results, we did extended genotyping of the 500 C>G and 540 C>T polymorphisms in the 3′UTR of the CDKN2A gene in 229 melanoma cases and 235 controls. The T-allele frequency (for 540 C>T polymorphism) in melanomas was significantly higher than in controls (0.14 vs. 0.08; χ2 = 5.95, p = 0.01; OR = 1.71, 95%CI = 1.11–2.66). The heterozygote frequency for this polymorphism was 0.26 (59/229) in melanomas compared to 0.13 (30/235) in healthy controls (χ2 = 11.4; p = 0.0007; OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.40–3.92). The frequency of the 500 C>G polymorphism in the 3′UTR in the CDKN2A gene was not significantly higher in melanomas compared to healthy controls. The 500 C>G polymorphism, however, was in linkage disequilibrium with ∼50 kb apart the C>A intronic polymorphism in the CDKN2B gene (determined in 44 melanomas and 90 controls; Fisher exact test, p<0.0001). Finally, the sequence analysis of genomic DNA isolated from T cell lymphocytes of healthy individuals exhibited that the codon reported as last of exon 2 of the CDKN2C gene is rather the first codon of exon 3. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Group A streptococcal sore throat in a periurban population of northern India: a one-year prospective study

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence and risk factors of group A streptococcus (GAS) sore throat among school-aged children living in a periurban slum area of Chandigarh, North India. METHODS: A total of 536 children aged 5-15 years from 261 families identified by a systematic random selection method were enrolled in the study. Episodes of sore throat were recorded through fortnightly home visits over a one-year period. The local vernacular (Hindi) terms gala kharab (bad throat) and khansi jukam (cough and cold) were used to identify symptoms of sore throat, and throat swab specimens were collected from children who had these symptoms on the day of the home visit. Bacterial culture was carried out and the isolation of GAS was confirmed using group-A-specific antiserum. FINDINGS: The incidences of sore throat and GAS sore throat were, respectively, 7.05 and 0.95 episodes per child-year. The incidence was higher in the following situations: among 11-year-olds, during the winter (November to January) and rainy (August) months (a bimodal peak), among children living in houses where there was no separate room for the kitchen, and in homes that included a tobacco smoker. CONCLUSION: The results show that the incidence of GAS sore throat was related to age, season, and indoor air pollution.

Patient benefit from functional and cosmetic rhinoplasty

Abstract: The Glasgow Benefit Inventory, a validated post-interventional questionnaire, was used to determine patient benefit from septorhinoplasty according to indication (function, cosmesis or a combination) in 87 patients. We showed a very significant patient benefit from this procedure and have demonstrated that the benefit is greatest when cosmesis is an indication (P = 0.05).

Differentiation of calcification from chronic hemorrhage with corrected gradient echo phase imaging.

Abstract: Purpose The purpose of the current study was to prospectively evaluate the role of corrected gradient echo phase imaging in differentiation of calcified granuloma from chronic hemorrhage. Method Eighty-five patients with single/multiple calcifications and hemorrhages irrespective of their location were studied with corrected gradient echo phase imaging. In all the cases, CT was used as the gold standard for the presence/absence of calcification. Results All calcified lesions showed positive phase, whereas chronic hemorrhages showed negative phase in all cases. Five calcified lesions showed no phase shift at TE =15 ms and positive shift at TE = 35 ms. Heterogeneous phase shift was observed in three calcified lesions at TE = 35 ms; all three lesions showed positive phase shift at TE = 15 ms. There was no site-specific problem in differentiation of calcification from chronic hemorrhage including in the basal ganglia. Conclusion We conclude that calcified granuloma can be easily differentiated from chronic hemorrhage with corrected gradient echo phase imaging, which may obviate the need for CT for its confirmation.

Ectopic goiter masquerading as submandibular gland swelling: a case report and review of the literature.

Abstract: Ectopic thyroid glands generally occur in the midline as a result of abnormal median migration, and their presence lateral to the midline is rare. A 12-year-old boy had a swelling in the left submandibular region that imaging techniques showed to be an ectopic thyroid gland, although no thyroid tissue was seen in the normal location. Only eight cases of lateral aberrant thyroid tissue have been reported. The importance of being aware of the possibility of ectopic thyroid tissue as a submandibular region swelling has an important bearing on disease management. A pertinent review of the literature and its management is included.

Prevalence of bronchial asthma and association with environmental tobacco smoke exposure in adolescent school children in Chandigarh, north India.

Abstract: Prevalence of asthma and its association with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure were examined among adolescent schoolchildren in Chandigarh, India. Using a previously standardized questionnaire, data from 9090 students in the 9- to 20-year age range were analyzed. There were 4367 (48%) boys, in whom the observed prevalence of asthma was 2.6%. Among 4723 (52%) girls, asthma was present in 90 (1.9%) students. Presence of one or more respiratory symptoms was reported by 31% students. More students with asthma had either parents or other family members smoking at home as compared to nonasthmatics (41% vs. 28%, p<0.0001). The odds ratio for being asthmatic for patients exposed to ETS compared to those not exposed to ETS was 1.78 (95% confidence interval 1.33-2.31). ETS was also positively associated with prevalence of all the respiratory symptoms, with odds ratios varying between 1.6 and 2.25.

Applications of Task-Level Augmentation for Cooperative Fine Manipulation Tasks in Surgery

Abstract: We report on applications of an augmentation system for cooperative fine manipulation using the steady hand manipulation paradigm. Using the "steady hand" robot as the experimental platform we investigate using such a system for creating composite retinal images using a GRIN lens endoscope and for puncturing small blood vessels in the retina.

Suprasellar tuberculoma presenting with diabetes insipidus and hypothyroidism--a case report.

Abstract: Suprasellar tuberculomas are exceptionally rare and are even rarer in children. A case of suprasellar tuberculoma in a five year old male child who presented with diabetes insipidus, hypothyroidism and visual field defect is described. Deranged CSF parameters, imaging findings of a suprasellar rounded, peripherally enhancing lesion with thickening of the pituitary stalk, led to an accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis. The patient responded well to antituberculous treatment and an unnecessary surgery was avoided.

Process for the preparation of a nanosized colloidal metal particle

Abstract: The invention relates to a biological process for the preparation of nano-sized colloidal metal particles by treating wet fungus or fungus extract with a metal ion solution of the desired metal and separating the biomass to obtain the nano-sized colloidal metal particles.

Ethnic variation in genotype frequencies of a p53 intron 7 polymorphism.

Abstract: Using a PCR-restriction enzyme-based method we found large ethnic variations when a C-->T polymorphism in the human p53 gene at position 14181 in intron 7 was studied in Finnish, Polish, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Indian and Chinese populations. The largest variations were found between Caucasian and Asian, genotype frequencies varied from C 0.95 and T 0.05 in the Finnish population to C 0.67 and T 0.33 in the Chinese population, the relative risk (RR) for T being 6.5 (95% CI 3.4-12.3, P < 0.001). Variations were also found between Finnish and Italian and between Italian and Chinese (RR for T 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.9 and 2.7, 95% CI 1.7-4.2, respectively).

Neonatal jaundice in very low birth weight babies.

Abstract: Very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates born between January 1995 to December 1998, who survived for >2 days, were studied for the incidence, causes and interventions required for neonatal jaundice. Significant neonatal jaundice was defined as the total serum bilirubin (TSB) level beyond which baby required intervention (phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion) for neonatal jaundice. The incidence of significant neonatal jaundice (NNJ) was 76.6% and 37.3% required exchange transfusion. It was 82.9% at gestational age ≤28 weeks reduced whereas to 56.9% at gestational age of 35—36 weeks. The incidence was 75.3%, 78.5% and 76.7% in the birth weight group of 750—799 grams, 1000—1249 grams and 1250—1499 grams respectively. Glucose 6 phosphatase dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency (12.1%) was the commonest cause of jaundice. There is a need for evaluation of prophylactic therapies that enhances liver function or decreases production of bilirubin, which would prevent the rise of TSB to dangerous levels and thus would decrease the need for exchange transfusions.

Single dilution ELISAs using soluble piroplasm, cellular schizont and soluble schizont antigens for the detection of antibodies against Theileria annulata.

Abstract: ELISA a dilution unique utilisant l'antigene de piroplasme soluble, de schizonte cellulaire ou de schizonte soluble pour la detection d'anticorps contre Theileria annulata. Un ELISA a dilution unique a ete standardise pour la determination des titres en anticorps contre Theileria annulata, en utilisant trois antigenes: l'antigene de piroplasme soluble, de schizonte cellulaire, ou de schizonte soluble. Les titres en anticorps de 20 echantillons de serums d'identite connue ont ete determines par un ELISA a dilutions multiples, avec les trois antigenes. Le rapport de la densite optique (DO) de serums positifs connus sur la DO de serums negatifs connus, a differentes dilutions, a ete calcule et a ete appele le rapport positif/negatif (P/N). Le coefficient de correlation (r) entre les rapports P/N de serums connus et leur titre en anticorps (log 10 ) determine par ELISA a dilutions multiples, a ete calcule pour differentes dilutions des serums. La plus forte valeur de « r » correspondait a une dilution de 1/400. A partir des titres (log 10 ) en anticorps de serums connus et leur rapport P/N a une dilution 1/400, des equations de regression ont ete calculees separement pour chaque antigene (Y = a + bX, ou Y = titre predit en log 10 ; X = rapport P/N a la dilution 1/400). Les equations suivantes ont ainsi ete derivees: Y = 1,63 + 1,35X pour le piroplasme soluble; Y = 2,67 + 0,547X pour le schizonte cellulaire, et Y = 1,817 + 0,663X pour le schizonte soluble. Les serums testes ont ete dilues a 1/400 et leurs DO ont ete lues chacune dans deux puits puis converties en rapport P/N. Les titres en anticorps ont ete predits a partir des rapports P/N, en utilisant les equations de regression correspondantes. Vingt serums selectionnes au hasard ont ete testes a la fois par ELISA a dilutions multiples et par ELISA a dilution unique; il n'y a pas eu de difference significative entre les titres en anticorps obtenus par les deux methodes (P < 0,01). Les titres en anticorps de 90 serums preleves sur le terrain ont ete determines par ELISA a dilution unique. Dans ces echantillons, l'antigene de piroplasme detectait les anticorps aux titres les plus eleves, suivi du schizonte cellulaire, puis du schizonte soluble. L'etude a revele que l'ELISA a dilution unique peut etre utilisee avec succes dans des etudes epidemiologiques de terrain sur la theileriose tropicale.

Split cord malformation (scm) in paediatric patients: outcome of 19 cases.

Abstract: There had been considerable debate regarding the surgical outcome of neuro-orthopaedic syndromes (NOS) and neurological syndromes in cases of split cord malformation (SCM). On retrospective analysis of 19 cases of SCM, thirteen were grouped under (Pang) type I and 6 in type II. Their age ranged from 1 month to 9 years (mean 3.5 years). 14 of these were male children. The NOS without neurological signs was detected in 6 cases where as pure neurological signs without NOS were seen in 8 patients. However, the rest 5 had mixed picture of NOS and neurological dysfunction. Nine of 19 cases presented with cutaneous stigmata, mainly in the form of hairy patch. 18 cases had other associated craniospinal anomalies i.e. hydrocephalus, meningomyelocoele, syrinx, dermoid, teratoma etc. Detethering of cord was done in all cases by removal of fibrous/bony septum. Associated anomalies were also treated accordingly. Follow up of these cases ranged from 6 months to 6 years. Six cases of NOS group neither showed deterioration nor improvement, and remained static on follow up. However, four of 8 children with neurological signs showed improvement in their motor weakness, and 1 in saddle hypoaesthesia as well as bladder/bowel function. In 5 cases of mixed group, two had improvement in their weakness and one in hypoaesthesia, but no change was noticed in NOS of this group as well. Hence surgery seemed to be effective, particularly in patients with neurological dysfunction.

Medulloblastomas of the cerebellopontine angle.

Abstract: It is unusual for a medulloblastoma to occur in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Four of the total 63 cases of medulloblastoma managed in our department between 1988 to 1998, presented with a mass in the cerebellopontine angle. There were two children amongst these four patients, aged eight and nine years. The other two patients were young adults. Three patients had primary CPA medulloblastoma, while the fourth case had a recurrence in this region, following the excision of the primary vermian tumour. All the four cases were managed by gross total microsurgical excision and craniospinal irradiation. One of the two children, developed subfrontal recurrence after 1 year and 8 months of initial treatment, while the other child developed a large recurrence at primary site, within three months of post-operative irradiation. However, the adult patient developed CPA recurrence and subsequent cervical intramedullary metastasis within two and a half years of diagnosis. These three cases succumbed to their disease, between three months to thirty months of their initial management. However the fourth patient, a 20 years female with desmoplastic variant, was well at two and a half years of follow up.

Dynamical problem of micropolar viscoelasticity

Abstract: The dynamic problem in micropolar viscoelastic medium has been investigated by employing eigen value approach after applying Laplace and Fourier transformations. An example of infinite space with concentrated force at the origin has been presented to illustrate the application of the approach. The integral transforms have been inverted by using a numerical technique to obtain the displacement components, force stresses, couple stress and microrotation in the physical domain. The results for these quantities are given and illustrated graphically.

Changing pattern of biotypes, phage types & drug resistance of Salmonella typhi in Ludhiana during 1980-1999.

Abstract: Background & objectives Ludhiana, an industrial city of Punjab, has a large floating population where typhoid has become endemic. A retrospective study was carried out over a period of 20 years (1980-1999) at Ludhiana on the biotyping, phage typing and drug resistance pattern of Salmonella typhi. Methods Of a total of 1697 S. typhi isolates obtained, phage typing and biotyping were done of only 1243 isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of these isolates was also studied. Results Of the 1243 S. typhi isolates, 963 (77.5%) and 280 (22.5%) were of biotype I and biotype II respectively. Twenty four different S. typhi phage types were prevalent in Ludhiana in the past two decades. Between 1980 and 1989, more prevalent phage types were phage type A (35%), O (17.6%) and E1 (15.1%). During 1990-1999, there was a considerable increase in the incidence of phage type E1 (48.1%). The cumulative analysis of past two decades revealed that the incidence of phage type E1 (38.8%) was most predominant. In the past one decade (1990-1999), 412 S. typhi isolates of 13 different phage types exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern ACCoT (resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline). High chloramphenicol resistance (74.7%) and MDR pattern ACCoT (68.2%) was shown by phage type E1 of S. typhi. Interpretation & conclusion An association was observed between drug resistance and phage type pattern of S. typhi as 70 per cent isolates of S. typhi phage types E1 and O exhibited ACCoT multidrug resistant pattern. Reemergence of chloramphenicol susceptibility in the last decade emphasizes the need for regular antimicrobial surveillance to minimize the misuse of these drugs.

Animal bite management practices: a survey of health care providers in a community development block of Haryana.

Abstract: It is seen that outcome of animal bites is influenced by various factors including the treatment procedures practiced by health care providers (HCPs). A cross sectional study of health care providers was conducted during May 2000 in PHC Kurali and Naraingarh town of community development block Naraingarh in district Ambala, Haryana. A total of forty-four HCPs were interviewed at their health facility. They were asked about the qualification and number of years in practice. Health care providers were assessed for their knowledge regarding history taking, immediate management of animal bite, post bite anti-rabies treatment, follow up advice and availability of vaccines. Pre-exposure prophylaxis was known to 18.8% of HCPs. Fifty-nine per cent of HCPs were confident in managing dog bites and 93.1% knew about tissue culture vaccine. Vaccine cost was the commonest barrier (38.8%) in the management of animal bites. This study shows a gross difference between awareness and actual practice of management of animal bites.

Polymorphic insertion of additional repeat within an area of direct 8 bp tandem repeats in the 5'-untranslated region of the p53R2 gene and cancer risk.

Abstract: p53R2 is a recently cloned gene that functions in p53-induced DNA repair. In the 5'-untranslated region of the p53R2 gene two direct tandem 8 bp repeats are located. Within the region of these 8 bp direct repeats we have detected the insertion of an additional repeat. In order to determine a possible association of this novel polymorphism with any cancer or population, we carried out genotyping of 843 European and Asian controls and patients with various cancer types. In addition, 26 cancer cell lines were included in the study. No significant difference in polymorphic frequency could be demonstrated for any of the cancer types, although the allelic frequency in melanoma patients was lower than in controls (X 2 = 3.28; P = 0.07; OR = 0.32; 95% CI 0.07-1.26). A significantly higher frequency of the polymorphism was detected in the compiled Caucasian individuals compared with Asians (X 2 = 9.19; P = 0.002; OR = 3.13; 95% CI 1.39-7.43). In one tumour cell line we observed two extra inserted copies of the 8 bp repeat. The functional effect of the insertion polymorphism on the p53R2 gene transcription remains to be determined.

Reflection and transmission of elastic waves at viscous liquid/micropolar elastic solid interface

Abstract: Amplitude ratios of various reflected and transmitted elastic waves from a plane interface separating a viscous liquid half-space and a micropolar elastic solid half- space, are obtained in two cases (i) when longitudinal wave propagating through the solid half-space is made incident at the interface and (ii) when "coupled-wave" propagating through the solid half-space is made incident at the interface. These amplitude ratios have been computed numerically for a specific model and results obtained are presented graphically. It is found that these amplitude ratios depend on the angle of incidence of the incident wave and the effect of viscosity of the liquid on amplitude ratios is noticed. The problem studied by Tomar and Kumar (1995) has been reduced as a special case of our problem.

A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials comparing low-molecular weight heparins with unfractionated heparin in unstable angina.

Abstract: BACKGROUND Unfractionated heparin has been used extensively for the treatment of unstable angina/non-Q wave myocardial infarction but it has several disadvantages. Low-molecular weight heparins are now recommended although they are 3-5 times costlier than unfractionated heparin since they are convinient to administer and do not require activated thromboplastin time monitoring. Whereas enoxaparin, a low-molecular weight heparin, has been demonstrated to be superior to unfractionated heparin, the results of other low-molecular weight heparins have not been so convincing. METHOD AND RESULTS Through manual, MEDLINE and EMBASE search, we identified five randomized trials (excluding enoxaparin trials) that compared low-molecular weight heparins with unfractionated heparin in unstable angina. The prespecified efficacy end point of interest included a composite of death, myocardial infarction, recurrent angina and urgent revascularization. The safety end point was taken as a composite of major hemorrhage, minor hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, allergic reaction and any other adverse event. We calculated odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for each trial for the composite end point, and the pooled odds ratio (95%) confidence interval) was calculated using two established methods of meta-analysis, the Mantel-Haenszel-Peto method and the DerSirmonian-Laird method. Both the methods yielded similar odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Separate odds ratio were calculated for efficacy and safety end points. There was a nonsignificant reduction in the incidence of the composite efficacy end point: the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.83 (0.70-0.99: p=0.08). The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for the safety data was 0.78 (0.69-1.26: p=0.33). CONCLUSIONS No statistically significant difference was observed when the efficacy and safety of low-molecular weight heparins were compared with those of unfractionated heparin. A cost-effectiveness analysis of low-molecular weight heparins versus unfractionated heparin must be done urgently to establish more firmly the place of low-molecular weight heparins in the management of unstable angina.

Hierarchical functional verification

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described that facilitate validation of a hardware design having multiple hierarchical levels. In one embodiment, a representation of the hardware design is received, and the hardware design is validated by performing validation processing on a plurality of sub-problems. Each of the plurality of sub-problems covers a computationally feasible size of the hardware design at a corresponding hierarchical level. In another embodiment, validation of a hardware design includes making use of validation processing previously performed with respect to one or more modules included in the hardware design based on the hierarchical relationship between these modules and other modules included in the hardware design.

Process for preparation of a lactone from a cyclic ketone

Abstract: The present invention provides a new biocatalyst whole cell system for converting cyclic ketones such as cyclopentanone/cyclohexanone to the corresponding lactones such as valerolactone/caprolactone. Another novel aspect of the present invention is that biocatalyst fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri NCIM 1282 species has been found to be an efficient biocatalyst system for any biotransformation for the first time.