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Rajesh Kumar

Bio: Rajesh Kumar is an academic researcher from Himachal Pradesh University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Medicine & Materials science. The author has an hindex of 149, co-authored 4439 publications receiving 140830 citations. Previous affiliations of Rajesh Kumar include Guru Nanak Dev University & Intuitive Surgical.


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TL;DR: Currents status and development prospects of NiCo2O4 nano-/microstructure-based electrochemical biosensors for bioanalytes such as glucose, urea, and H2O2, along with condition governing the electro chemical biosensor parameters are summarized.
Abstract: Non-enzymatic biosensors based on mixed transition metal oxides are deemed as the most promising devices due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, wide concentration range, low detection limits, and excellent recyclability. Spinel NiCo2O4 mixed oxides have drawn considerable attention recently due to their outstanding advantages including large specific surface area, high permeability, short electron, and ion diffusion pathways. Because of the rapid development of non-enzyme biosensors, the current state of methods for synthesis of pure and composite/hybrid NiCo2O4 materials and their subsequent electrochemical biosensing applications are systematically and comprehensively reviewed herein. Comparative analysis reveals better electrochemical sensing of bioanalytes by one-dimensional and two-dimensional NiCo2O4 nano-/microstructures than other morphologies. Better biosensing efficiency of NiCo2O4 as compared to corresponding individual metal oxides, viz. NiO and Co3O4, is attributed to the close intrinsic-state redox couples of Ni3+/Ni2+ (0.58 V/0.49 V) and Co3+/Co2+ (0.53 V/0.51 V). Biosensing performance of NiCo2O4 is also significantly improved by making the composites of NiCo2O4 with conducting carbonaceous materials like graphene, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes (single and multi-walled), carbon nanofibers; conducting polymers like polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI); metal oxides NiO, Co3O4, SnO2, MnO2; and metals like Au, Pd, etc. Various factors affecting the morphologies and biosensing parameters of the nano-/micro-structured NiCo2O4 are also highlighted. Finally, some drawbacks and future perspectives related to this promising field are outlined.

58 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2015-Obesity
TL;DR: To examine whether adding either small, variable financial incentives or optional group sessions improves weight losses in a community‐based, Internet behavioral program, a large number of participants were enrolled in a pilot study.
Abstract: Objective To examine whether adding either small, variable financial incentives or optional group sessions improves weight losses in a community-based, Internet behavioral program Methods Participants (N = 268) from Shape Up Rhode Island 2012, a 3-month Web-based community wellness initiative, were randomized to: Shape Up+Internet behavioral program (SI), Shape Up+Internet program+incentives (SII), or Shape Up+Internet program+group sessions (SIG) Results At the end of the 3-month program, SII achieved significantly greater weight losses than SI (SII: 64% [51-77]; SI: 42% [30-56]; P = 003); weight losses in SIG were not significantly different from the other two conditions (SIG: 58% [45-71], P's ≥ 010) However, at the 12-month no-treatment follow-up visit, both SII and SIG had greater weight losses than SI (SII: 31% [18-44]; SIG: 45% [32-58]; SI: 12% [−01-26]; P's ≤ 005) SII was the most cost-effective approach at both 3 (SII: $34/kg; SI: $34/kg; SIG: $87/kg) and 12 months (SII: $64/kg; SI: $140/kg; SIG: $113/kg) Conclusions Modest financial incentives enhance weight losses during a community campaign, and both incentives and optional group meetings improved overall weight loss outcomes during the follow-up period However, the use of the financial incentives is the most cost-effective approach

57 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
04 Jan 2016-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: IMNCI program in Indian context is very cost effective and should be scaled-up as a major child survival strategy.
Abstract: Introduction Despite the evidence for preventing childhood morbidity and mortality, financial resources are cited as a constraint for Governments to scale up the key health interventions in some countries. We evaluate the cost effectiveness of implementing IMNCI program in India from a health system and societal perspective. Methods We parameterized a decision analytic model to assess incremental cost effectiveness of IMNCI program as against routine child health services for infant population at district level in India. Using a 15-years time horizon from 2007 to 2022, we populated the model using data on costs and effects as found from a cluster-randomized trial to assess effectiveness of IMNCI program in Haryana state. Effectiveness was estimated as reduction in infant illness episodes, deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALY). Incremental cost per DALY averted was used to estimate cost effectiveness of IMNCI. Future costs and effects were discounted at a rate of 3%. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was undertaken to estimate the probability of IMNCI to be cost effective at varying willingness to pay thresholds. Results Implementation of IMNCI results in a cumulative reduction of 57384 illness episodes, 2369 deaths and 76158 DALYs among infants at district level from 2007 to 2022. Overall, from a health system perspective, IMNCI program incurs an incremental cost of USD 34.5 (INR 1554) per DALY averted, USD 34.5 (INR 1554) per life year gained, USD 1110 (INR 49963) per infant death averted. There is 90% probability for ICER to be cost effective at INR 2300 willingness to pay, which is 5.5% of India’s GDP per capita. From a societal perspective, IMNCI program incurs an additional cost of USD 24.1 (INR 1082) per DALY averted, USD 773 (INR 34799) per infant death averted and USD 26.3 (INR 1183) per illness averted in during infancy. Conclusion IMNCI program in Indian context is very cost effective and should be scaled-up as a major child survival strategy.

57 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 68Ga-DOTA-NOC PET-CT is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of phaeochromoctyomas and paragangliomas and seems better than 131I MIBG scintigraphy for this purpose.
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the role of 68Ga-labelled [1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid]-1-NaI3-Octreotide (68Ga-DOTA-NOC) whole body positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) as a functional imaging approach for phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma.

57 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A good in vitro-in vivo correlation established the formulation of indomethacin loaded gelatin nanoparticles prepared by double desolvation method for controlled drug delivery and showed significant enhancement of various pharmacokinetic parameters.
Abstract: The present research work deals with fabrication of indomethacin loaded gelatin nanoparticles prepared by double desolvation method for controlled drug delivery. Submicron polymeric particles with size 20% in 1 hr) followed by controlled release (> 75% in 12 hr). Among the kinetic models employed, the Higuchi model showed a better fit (R2 > 0.9) with n < 0.43 (Peppas model) indicating a Fickian type of release pattern. The batch 2GA was optimum in terms of size, entrapment efficiency and drug release. Anti-inflammatory activity of the drug loaded nanoparticles (IGNP) and pure drug solution (IDM) was studied by rat paw model and IGNP significantly (P < or = 0.001) decreased the paw volume as compared to IDM. Pharmacokinetic study showed significant enhancement (P < 0.001) of various pharmacokinetic parameters. The observed t(max) value was 3 h for IGNP compared to 1 h for IDM. Cmax of IGNP had higher value (110.81 +/- 8.53 microg/mL) compared to that of IDM (51.66 +/- 7.5 microg/mL). AUC0-12 was 1009.78 +/- 80.24 and 194.33 +/- 46.76/microg x h/mL in IGNP and IDM respectively (relative bioavailability 500%). Further, a good in vitro-in vivo correlation established the formulation for future trials.

57 citations


Cited by
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08 Dec 2001-BMJ
TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality. Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

33,785 citations

01 May 1993
TL;DR: Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems.
Abstract: Three parallel algorithms for classical molecular dynamics are presented. The first assigns each processor a fixed subset of atoms; the second assigns each a fixed subset of inter-atomic forces to compute; the third assigns each a fixed spatial region. The algorithms are suitable for molecular dynamics models which can be difficult to parallelize efficiently—those with short-range forces where the neighbors of each atom change rapidly. They can be implemented on any distributed-memory parallel machine which allows for message-passing of data between independently executing processors. The algorithms are tested on a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark problem for system sizes ranging from 500 to 100,000,000 atoms on several parallel supercomputers--the nCUBE 2, Intel iPSC/860 and Paragon, and Cray T3D. Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems. For large problems, the spatial algorithm achieves parallel efficiencies of 90% and a 1840-node Intel Paragon performs up to 165 faster than a single Cray C9O processor. Trade-offs between the three algorithms and guidelines for adapting them to more complex molecular dynamics simulations are also discussed.

29,323 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is recommended that spirometry is required for the clinical diagnosis of COPD to avoid misdiagnosis and to ensure proper evaluation of severity of airflow limitation.
Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem. It is the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the United States, and is projected to rank fifth in 2020 in burden of disease worldwide, according to a study published by the World Bank/World Health Organization. Yet, COPD remains relatively unknown or ignored by the public as well as public health and government officials. In 1998, in an effort to bring more attention to COPD, its management, and its prevention, a committed group of scientists encouraged the U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the World Health Organization to form the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Among the important objectives of GOLD are to increase awareness of COPD and to help the millions of people who suffer from this disease and die prematurely of it or its complications. The first step in the GOLD program was to prepare a consensus report, Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD, published in 2001. The present, newly revised document follows the same format as the original consensus report, but has been updated to reflect the many publications on COPD that have appeared. GOLD national leaders, a network of international experts, have initiated investigations of the causes and prevalence of COPD in their countries, and developed innovative approaches for the dissemination and implementation of COPD management guidelines. We appreciate the enormous amount of work the GOLD national leaders have done on behalf of their patients with COPD. Despite the achievements in the 5 years since the GOLD report was originally published, considerable additional work is ahead of us if we are to control this major public health problem. The GOLD initiative will continue to bring COPD to the attention of governments, public health officials, health care workers, and the general public, but a concerted effort by all involved in health care will be necessary.

17,023 citations

01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The using multivariate statistics is universally compatible with any devices to read, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of the authors' books like this one.
Abstract: Thank you for downloading using multivariate statistics. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite novels like this using multivariate statistics, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful bugs inside their laptop. using multivariate statistics is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the using multivariate statistics is universally compatible with any devices to read.

14,604 citations