Responses of Savannas to Stress and Disturbance: the Beginning of Desertification

The increasing need for forest resources and cultivated land requires a solution in forest management to realize sustainable land use. Smart agroforestry (SAF) is a set of agriculture and silviculture knowledge and practices that is aimed at not only increasing profits and resilience for farmers but also improving environmental parameters, including climate change mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity enhancement, and soil and water conservation, while assuring sustainable landscape management. SAF, a solution for land management systems to reduce the rate of deforestation, is a smart effort to overcome the food crisis and mitigate climate change that is prospectively applied mainly in the social forestry area. Optimized forest land utilization could be achieved by implementing SAF and applying silvicultural and crop cultivation techniques to optimize productivity and meet sustainability and adaptability goals. This paper reviews the existing conditions, opportunities, and challenges in the mainstreaming of SAF in social forestry implementation to support the Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia. Mainstreaming SAF should include policy innovation and regulation implementation, the use of appropriate technology, and compromises or trade-offs among benefits, risks, and resources. SAF is a strategy to revive the rural economy and community prosperity through the optimal use of local resources as well as a form of smart landscape and land-use management that has significant roles in soil and water conservation, bioenergy, climate change responses, and enhanced biodiversity conservation.

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Mainstreaming Smart Agroforestry for Social Forestry Implementation to Support Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia: A Review

Management of strategic change at the international centre for research in agroforestry

Penge Pakraman village is a traditional village that has the potency to become ecotourism. The emergence of new tourist attractions affects land changes to support tourism activities. This causes the number of plant species in nature to decrease. Plant conservation by utilizing local wisdom is one effort to reduce the decrease of plant species number. The application of Tri Hita Karana and Tri Mandala in Balinese daily life able to support plant conservation activity. The objective of this research was to determine the role of Tri Mandala concept in plant conservation at Pakraman Penge home garden. Data collection methods are carried out through observation plant location with inventory number and name of plants in house sample. Plant use continues with study literature. The results of an inventory of plant diversity in home gardens of Pakraman Penge village recorded 70 species of plants from 16 houses sample. The plant habitus varied from herbs, shrubs until trees. Plant species in the home gardens have functions for ceremonies (51%), medicinal (24%), ornamental (17%), food (6%), and spices (2%). However, based on the location, most plant species were found in madya mandala and the lowest were found in utama mandala . We also found plants with conservation status consist of least concerned (15 species), vulnerable ( Dracaena draco ), near threatened ( Cycas rumphii ), endangered ( Coffea arabica ). Therefore, the application of Tri Mandala concept on Balinese home gardens supports plant conservation and gives economic benefit in individual level

https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jtbb/article/download/56260/30103

Plant Conservation Based on Tri Mandala Concept on Homegarden at Pakraman Penge Village, Baru Village, Marga District, Tabanan Regency, Bali

Medium resolution satellite data such as Landsat is very potential for mixed pixel (mixel) to occur. Indonesian land use diverse especially urban areas makes high potential mixel in the first Landsat pixel size of 30 meters x 30 meters on the actual condition. Aircraft multispectral aerial photo data LAPAN Surveillance Aircraft (LSA) with a spatial resolution reached 58 cm can display objects in more detail in these sizes. The purpose of this research is to study mixel on Landsat data with multispectral data LSA as a complement Landsat data. The method proposed in this study is a visual interpretation with GEOBIA method for classification of land cover, and then test the validity of the sample to be used in research, and the use of such vegetation index NDVI to see the connection between vegetation index data of vegetation index LSA with Landsat data. The results showed that the regression equation obtained by regression between NDVI of Landsat data and NDVI of  LSA with a significance of less than 0.05 is y = 0.732x - 0102 with a value of R 2 = 0.887. Through these results we can conclude that the NDVI values on both the data related to one another.

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The Relationship between the Mixed Pixel Spectral Value of Landsat 8 OLI Data and LAPAN Surveillance Aircraft (LSA) Aerial-Photo Data

Potensi tanaman obat di daerah Bali dapat digali dari informasi yang tertuang dalam Lontar Usada Bali yang berisi sistem pengobatan, bahan obat dan cara pengobatannya. Seiring perkembangan zaman, informasi dan pengetahuan serta jenis tumbuhan yang digunakan tersebut semakin berkurang dari generasi ke generasi. Tujuan penelitian untuk memaparkan hasil kegiatan konservasi tumbuhan lontar usada berupa eksplorasi tumbuhan dan pengetahuan etnobotani Bali Utara dan pengkoleksiannya di Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali (KRB). Penelitian dilakukan dengan eksplorasi dan iventarisasi tumbuhan obat berdasarkan pustaka Lontar Bali dan koresponden kunci (Balian).untuk dikoleksi di KRB. Hasil penelitian terkumpul 67 nomor koleksi dimana 16 diantaranya merupakan jenis baru untuk dikoleksi di KRB. Beberapa jenis tumbuhan yang terancam keberadaannya di alam yaitu:  Averrhoa carambola Linn., A. blimbi Linn, Citrus aurantifolia Sw., Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br., dan Areca cathecu L. Berdasarkan informasi Balian dan lontar usada Bali nampak jelas kekayaan kearifan lokal dalam pengobatan yang terlihat dari beraneka ragamnya informasi mengenai kegunaan dan tata cara pemakaian dari masing-masing tumbuhan. Diharapkan konservasi ex-situ di KRB koleksi tumbuhan obat, masyarakat dapat mengetahui berbagai macam tumbuhan yang berpotensi obat dan ikut serta melestarikannya. 
  
Kata kunci : Lontar usada, balian, kearifan lokal, pengobatan, koleksi

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Konservasi tumbuhan obat tradisional “usada bali”

Flores is one of islands that the producing agarwood from Gyrinops verstegii (Gilg.) Domke. The plant population in nature has been threatened due to over extraction and poaching. Therefore, the plant is cultivated in a cropping system with other crops by some local communities. This study examined the agroforestry pattern of agarwood cultivation in Flores. The purposive sampling plots (20m x 20m) were used to record the composition and structure of vegetation, as well as the environmental conditions in five districts (East Manggarai, Nagekeo, Ende, Sikka, and East Flores) of Flores. The agroforestry species of agarwood in the study areas consisted of 23 species. Cacao, Robusta coffee, clove, and coconut were the most dominant species in agroforestry patterns of Gyrinops verstegii plantation. The growing of agarwood in the intercropping patterns with estate crops in agroforestry conditions in Flores Island should be maintained to sustain its production. This study could have an implication as to inform conservation managers to maintain agarwood sustainability and thus further study is required to improve a better cropping system of the agarwood under the natural conditions of Flores Island.

Multistoried agroforestry system of Gaharu (Gyrinops verstegii (Gilg.) Domke) in Flores Island East Nusa Tenggara

. Sutomo, Darma IDP, Iryadi R. 2020. Short communication: The dissimilarity in plant species composition of savanna ecosystem along the elevation gradient on Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 492-496. Savannas in Indonesia are located from west to the east across the archipelago. The objective of this research was to investigate the dissimilarity of floristic composition among savannas at different elevations in Flores. Sixteen sampling plots, each measuring 20 x 20 m were spread over the lowland, midland, and upland savannas. We analyzed the differences in plant community composition among the savannas using NMDS ordination and SIMPER analyses available in PRIMER V.6. As many as 41 species of plants were found in all of the sampling plots. The lowland savanna plant community consisted of Themeda arguens, Zoesya sp., Chromolaena odorata, Crotalaria sp., Adenanthera pavonina, Ocimum sp., Lantana camara in the groundcover layer, and Ziziphus jujube, and Borassus flabellifer at the tree layer. The midland savanna had almost similar composition, except the occurrence of Imperata cylindrica and Leucaena leucocephala, and the upland savanna plant species were Cyperus sp., Polygala paniculata, I. cylindrica, Melastoma malabathricum, C. odorata, Centella asiatica, Vaccinium sp., and Cymbopogon sp. The savannas in Flores were invaded by invasive exotic species, namely L. camara and C. Odorata which may pose serious threat to the existence of savannas.

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Short communication: The dissimilarity in plant species composition of savanna ecosystem along the elevation gradient on Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Epiphytic ferns grow attached to the phorophyte tree or rocks. This study aims to determine the diversity, distribution of epiphytic ferns and its phorophyte trees in the forests of Bedugul, Bali. The method used in this study was purposive random sampling. The study recorded 24 species of epiphytic ferns in the forest of Bedugul Bali (16 species in Bukit Pengelengan, 12 species in Bukit Tapak and 12 species in Bukit Lesung). Epiphytic ferns found limited in one study area are Arthropteris palisotii, Goniophlebium subauriculatum, Loxogramme avenia, Oleandra pistillaris, Asplenium caudatum, Belvisia mucronata, Ctenopteris obliquata, Davallia pentaphylla, Davallia solida, Drynaria sp., Hymenophyllum sp., Monogramma trichoidea and Nephrolepis sp1. Epiphytic ferns found spread over in more than one study areas are Asplenium nidus, Belvisia spicata, Davallia denticulata, Goniophlebium percisifolium, Pyrrosia varia and Selliguea enervis. The highest-distributed species of epiphytic ferns are occupied by Belvisia spicata and Davallia denticulate. There are 33 species of phorophyte trees recorded (22 species in Bukit Pengelengan, 21 species in Bukit Tapak and 11 species in Bukit Lesung). The favorite phorophyte trees are Platea latifolia in Bukit Pangelangan, Syzygium zollingerianum. in Bukit Tapak and Engelhardia spicata in Bukit Lesung. Key words: Bedugul, distribution, diversity, epiphytes fern. ABSTRAK Paku epifit merupakan tumbuhan paku yang tumbuh menempel pada pohon inang (phoropyte) atau bebatuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman serta persebaran paku epifit dan pohon inangnya di kawasan hutan Bedugul Bali. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan metode purposive random sampling. Hasil penelitian mencatat 24 jenis tumbuhan paku epifit yang teramati di kawasan hutan Bedugul Bali. Jumlah tersebut tersebar di Bukit Pengelengan 16 jenis, di Bukit Tapak 12 jenis dan di Bukit Lesung 12 jenis. Jenis paku epifit yang persebaranya terbatas hanya di satu area studi adalah Arthropteris palisotii, Goniophlebium subauriculatum, Loxogramme avenia, Oleandra pistillaris, Asplenium caudatum, Belvisia mucronata, Ctenopteris obliquata, Davallia pentaphylla, Davallia solida, Drynaria sp., Hymenophyllum sp., Monogramma trichoidea dan Neprolepis sp1. Sedangkan jenis yang tersebar di lebih dari satu area studi adalah Asplenium nidus, Belvisia spicata, Davallia denticulata, Goniophlebium percisifolium, Pyrrosia varia dan Selliguea enervis. Jenis paku epifit yang berdistribusi paling luas adalah Belvisia spicata dan Davallia denticulata. Keanekaragaman pohon inang tercatat 33 jenis (Bukit Pengelengan 22 jenis, Bukit Tapak 21 jenis dan Bukit Lesung 11 jenis). Jenis pohon inang yang disenangi oleh jenis tumbuhan paku epifit bervariasi, di Bukit Pengelengan adalah Platea latifolia, di Bukit Tapak adalah Syzygium zollingerianum dan di Bukit Lesung adalah Engelhardia spicata. Kata kunci: Bedugul, epifit, keanekaragaman, persebaran.

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Rajif Iryadi

Papers

Konservasi tumbuhan obat tradisional “usada bali”

Multistoried agroforestry system of Gaharu (Gyrinops verstegii (Gilg.) Domke) in Flores Island East Nusa Tenggara

Plant Conservation Based on Tri Mandala Concept on Homegarden at Pakraman Penge Village, Baru Village, Marga District, Tabanan Regency, Bali

Short communication: The dissimilarity in plant species composition of savanna ecosystem along the elevation gradient on Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Paku epifit dan pohon inangnya di bukit pengelengan, tapak dan lesung, bedugul, bali