Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

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https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fjit.1991.9.pdf

Strategic planning for information systems

Acting Under Secretary of Health requested that a working group be established to develop the Veterans Health Initiative (VHI). He envisioned this as a comprehensive program to recognize the connection between certain health effects and military service, to allow military history to be better documented, to prepare health care providers to better serve their veteran patients, and to establish a data base for further study. This was first discussed by the Acting Under Secretary in relation to the health of former prisoners of war. Development was really begun by the former Chief Academic Affairs Officer, Dr. David Stevens, with the Military Service History project. This involves a pocket card for medical residents detailing the important components of a military service history targeting the health risks associated with various periods of service and more generic issues of concern and a website containing references relevant to the issues. Educational modules in the Veterans Health Initiative VHA will assist health care providers in recognizing the connection between certain health effects and military service, prepare health care providers to better serve veteran patients, and will provide a data base for further study. This independent study is designed to provide primary care practitioners with an introduction to the pathologies that lead to sight loss, their functional implications, appropriate method of referrals, training programs, and special considerations for interactions with visually impaired individuals. After completing this independent study, participants would be able to: • Define legal blindness; • Describe the causes of sight loss; • Delineate the functional implications of vision loss • Delineate the psycho/social impact of vision loss on the veteran; • Outline the role of the Visual Impairment Services Team (VIST) in the treatment of legally blind veterans and the referral process; • Describe the special personal and environmental considerations needed for visually impaired patients; • Describe the special medical considerations needed for visually impaired patients; • Describe the primary care practitioner's role in assisting veterans in establishing well-grounded claims for disability related to the loss of vision; and • Describe compensation and pension benefits provided for veterans with eye disabilities. After completing this independent study, you should 1. be able to: state the definition of legal blindness; 2. be able to: associate eye diseases with their visual implications; 3. be able to: demonstrate insight into the functional and Psycho/Social implications of sight-loss; 4. know when referrals to VIST are indicated; 5. understand …

시력 손상과 시각 장애(Visual Impairment and Blindness)

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The trouble with computers: Usefulness, usability and productivity

This paper describes an empirical study of the problems encountered by 32 blind users on the Web. Task-based user evaluations were undertaken on 16 websites, yielding 1383 instances of user problems. The results showed that only 50.4% of the problems encountered by users were covered by Success Criteria in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0). For user problems that were covered by WCAG 2.0, 16.7% of websites implemented techniques recommended in WCAG 2.0 but the techniques did not solve the problems. These results show that few developers are implementing the current version of WCAG, and even when the guidelines are implemented on websites there is little indication that people with disabilities will encounter fewer problems. The paper closes by discussing the implications of this study for future research and practice. In particular, it discusses the need to move away from a problem-based approach towards a design principle approach for web accessibility.

http://www-course.cs.york.ac.uk/advt/classes/class03/materials/Power,%20Freire,%20Petrie,%20Swallow%202012.pdf

Guidelines are only half of the story: accessibility problems encountered by blind users on the web

Our motivation for this research is the belief that blind users cannot participate effectively in routine Web-based activities due to the lack of Web accessibility and usability for non-visual interaction. We take a cognitive, user-centered, task-oriented approach to develop an understanding of accessibility and usability problems that blind users face in Web interactions. This understanding is critically needed to determine accessibility and usability requirements for non-visual Web interaction. We employ verbal protocol analysis for an in-depth examination of difficulties participants face in completing an online assessment through a course management system. We analyze the problems that hinder accessibility and usability and explain the nature of these problems in terms of design principles. Our study contributes an effective method for qualitative evaluation of Web accessibility and usability. Our findings will guide future research to develop more accessible and usable Web applications for blind users.

/pdf/understanding-blind-users-web-accessibility-and-usability-1sa5tz2d1f.pdf

Understanding Blind Users' Web Accessibility and Usability Problems

In recent years, ICTD (Information Communications Technology and Development) has grown in significance as an area of engineering research that has focused on low-cost appropriate technologies for the needs of a developing world largely underserved by the dominant modes of technology design. Assistive Technologies (AT) used by people with disabilities facilitate greater equity in the social and economic public sphere. However, by and large such technologies are designed in the industrialized world, for people living in those countries. This is especially true in the case of AT for people with vision impairments -- market-prevalent technologies are both very expensive and are built to support the language and infrastructure typical in the industrialized world. While the community of researchers in the Web Accessibility space have made significant strides, the operational concerns of networks in the developing world, as well as challenges in support for new languages and contexts raises a new set of challenges for technologists in this space. We discuss the state of various technologies in the context of the developing world and propose directions in scientific and community-contributed efforts to increase the relevance and access to AT and accessibility in the developing world.

/pdf/assistive-technology-for-vision-impairments-anagenda-for-the-4csoh56pfz.pdf

Assistive technology for vision-impairments: anagenda for the ICTD community

Blind and visually impaired (BVI) users experience vulnerabilities in digital library (DL) environments largely due to limitations in DL design that prevent them from effectively interacting with DL content and features. Existing research has not adequately examined how BVI users interact with DLs, nor the typical problems encountered during interactions. This is the first study conducted to test whether implementing help features corresponding to BVI users’ needs can reduce five critical help-seeking situations they typically encounter, with the goal to further enhance usability of DLs. Multiple data collection methods including pre-questionnaires, think-aloud protocols, transaction logs, and pre and post search interviews, were employed in an experimental design. Forty subjects were divided into two groups with similar demographic data based on data generated from pre-questionnaires. The findings of this study show that the experimental group encountered fewer number of help-seeking situations than the control group when interacting with the experimental and baseline versions of a DL. Moreover, the experimental group outperformed the control group on perceived usefulness of the DL features, ease of use of the DL, and DL satisfaction. This study provides theoretical and practical contributions to the field of library and information science. Theoretically, this study frames vulnerabilities of BVI users within the social model of disability in which improper DL design impairs their ability to effectively access and use DLs. Practically, this study takes into account BVI users’ critical help-seeking situations and further translates these into the design of help features to improve the usability of DLs.

Enhancing usability of digital libraries: Designing help features to support blind and visually impaired users

A sightâ€ centered digital library (DL) design with complex structures and multimedia formats poses significant challenges for blind users. This study is the first attempt to investigate the top three helpâ€ seeking situations as well as associated factors in blind users' DL interactions. A mixedâ€ method approach was adopted for this study. Multiple methods were applied to collect data from 30 blind subjects: questionnaires, presearch interviews, think aloud protocols, transaction logs, and postsearch interviews. The paper identifies the top three helpâ€ seeking situations, and associated factors in relation to user, system, task, and interaction. Moreover, different types of mainâ€ level factors were tested to investigate if they are correlated to each type of top situation, and qualitative data of sublevel factors offer insight into how these factors are associated with various situations. Without a clear understanding of these situations and factors, the objective of universal access to information in DLs cannot be achieved. DL design implications are further discussed with the goal of providing system design recommendations for reducing blind users' helpâ€ seeking situations.

Identification of factors associated with blind users' help‐seeking situations in interacting with digital libraries

Introduction. This study explores blind users' unique help-seeking situations in interacting with digital libraries. In particular, help-seeking situations were investigated at both the physical and cognitive levels. Method. Fifteen blind participants performed three search tasks, including known-item search, specific information search, and exploratory search, using the selected digital library. Pre-questionnaire, preand post-interviews, transaction logs and think-aloud protocols were used to collect data. Analysis. Open coding analysis was used to identify help-seeking situations the physical and cognitive levels. Results. The study identified seventeen help-seeking situations that blind users encountered while using digital libraries, including nine at the physical level and eight at the cognitive level. To be more specific, physical help-seeking situations were categorised into 1) difficulty accessing information, 2) difficulty identifying current status and path, and 3) difficulty evaluating information efficiently. Cognitive help-seeking situations were classified into 1) confusion about multiple programs and structures, 2) difficulty understanding information, 3) difficulty understanding or using digital library features, and 4) avoidance of specific formats or approaches. Conclusion. The identified help-seeking situations reveal a gap between current digital library design practices and special needs of blind users. Practical implications for the design of help features for more blind-friendly digital libraries are suggested based on the findings.

/pdf/using-digital-libraries-non-visually-understanding-the-help-1ch3s95wn9.pdf

Rakesh Babu

Papers

Understanding Blind Users' Web Accessibility and Usability Problems

Assistive technology for vision-impairments: anagenda for the ICTD community

Enhancing usability of digital libraries: Designing help features to support blind and visually impaired users

Identification of factors associated with blind users' help‐seeking situations in interacting with digital libraries

Using Digital Libraries Non-Visually: Understanding the Help-Seeking Situations of Blind Users