Ralph J. DiClemente

Bio: Ralph J. DiClemente is an academic researcher from New York University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Condom & Population. The author has an hindex of 91, co-authored 650 publications receiving 32102 citations. Previous affiliations of Ralph J. DiClemente include John Wiley & Sons & University of Alabama.

Application of the Theory of Gender and Power to Examine HIV-Related Exposures, Risk Factors, and Effective Interventions for Women

Abstract: Developed by Robert Connell, the theory of gender and power is a social structural theory based on existing philosophical writings of sexual inequality and gender and power imbalance. According to the theory of gender and power, there are three major social structures that characterize the gendered relationships between men and women: the sexual division of labor, the sexual division of power, and the structure of cathexis. The aim of this article is to apply an extended version of the theory of gender and power to examine the exposures, social/behavioral risk factors, and biological properties that increase women's vulnerability for acquiring HIV. Subsequently, the authors review several public health level HIV interventions aimed at reducing women's HIV risk. Employing the theory of gender and power among women marshals new kinds of data, asks new and broader questions with regard to women and their risk of HIV, and, most important, creates new options for prevention.

Emerging Theories in Health Promotion Practice and Research

Abstract: Tables and Figures. Foreword. Acknowledgements. The Editors. The Contributors. Introduction. 1 Theory in health Promotion Practice and Research (Richard A. Crosby, Michelle C. Kegler, Ralph J. DiClemente). Part 1 Individual-level Approaches. 2 The Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model of HIV Preventive Behavior (Jeffrey D. Fisher, William A. Fisher, Paul A. Shuper). 3 Social Influences: The Effects of Socialization, Selection, and Social Normative Processes on Health Behavior (Bruce G. Simons-Morton, Denise Haynie, Elizabeth Noelcke). 4 Self-esteem Enhancement Theory: Promoting Health across the Life-Span (David L. DuBois, Brian R. Flay, Michael C. Fagen). 5 Conservation of Resources Theory: Application to Public Health Promotion (Stevan E. Hobfoll, Jeremiah A. Schumm). 6 Self-Determination Theory: Process Models for Health Behavior Change (Michelle S. Fortier, Geoffrey C. Williams Shane N. Sweet, Heather Patrick). 7 The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion: Developing Health Promotions for Sustained Behavioral Change (Richard E. Petty, Jamie Barden, S. Christian Wheeler). 8 An Integrative Model for Behavioral Prediction and its Application to Health Promotion (Martin Fishbein). Part 2 Community-Based Approaches. 9 The Community Coalition Action Theory (Frances D. Butterfoss and Michelle C. Kegler). 10 Community Capacity: Theory and Application (Monica L. Wendel, James N. Burdine, Kenneth R. McLeroy, Angela Alaniz, Barbara L. Norton, Michael R.J. Felix). 11 Natural Helper Models to Enhance a Community's Health and Competence (Eugenia Eng, Scott D. Rhodes, Edith Parker). 12 Community-Based Prevention Marketing: A Hybrid Framework for Public Health Professionals (Carol A. Bryant, Kelli R. McCormack Brown, Rita D. Debate, Moya L. Alfonso, Julie A. Baldwin, Paul Monaghan, Leah M. Phillips). Part 3 Ecological Approaches. 13 Changing Our Unhealthy Ways: Emerging Perspectives from Social Action Theory (Craig K. Ewart). 14 The Theory of Gender and Power: Constructs, Variables, and Implications for Developing HIV Interventions for Women (Gina M. Wingood, Christian Camp, Kristin Dunkle, Hannah Cooper, Ralph J. DiClemente). 15 The Logical and Empirical Basis for the Behavioral Ecological Model (Mel Hovell, Dennis Wahlgren, Marc Adams). 16 The Theory of Triadic Influence (Brian R. Flay, Frank Snyder, John Petraitis). 17 The Interactive Domain Model Approach to Best Practices in Health Promotion (Barbara Kahan, David Groulx, Josephine Pui-Hing Wong). 18 COMBI - Communication-for-Behavioral-Impact: A WHO Approach to Social Mobilization in the Promotion of Health (Everold Hosein, Will Parks, Renata Schiavo). 19 Issues and Challenges in Applying Theory to Health Promotion Practice and Research (Ralph J. DiClemente, Michelle C. Kegler, Richard A. Crosby). References. Index.

Parental Monitoring: Association With Adolescents' Risk Behaviors

Abstract: Context. Contemporary threats to adolescents9 health are primarily the consequence of risk behaviors and their related adverse outcomes. Identifying factors associated with adolescents9 risk behaviors is critical for developing effective prevention strategies. A number of risk factors have been identified, including familial environment; however, few studies have examined the impact of parental monitoring. Objective. To examine the influence of less perceived parental monitoring on a spectrum of adolescent health-compromising behaviors and outcomes. Design. Survey. Setting. A family medicine clinic. Participants. To assess eligibility, recruiters screened a sample of 1130 teens residing in low-income neighborhoods. Adolescents were eligible if they were black females, between the ages of 14 and 18 years, sexually active in the previous 6 months, and provided written informed consent. Most teens (n = 609) were eligible, with 522 (85.7%) agreeing to participate. Main Outcome Measures. Variables in 6 domains were assessed, including: sexually transmitted diseases, sexual behaviors, marijuana use, alcohol use, antisocial behavior, and violence. Results. In logistic regression analyses, controlling for observed covariates, adolescents perceiving less parental monitoring were more likely to test positive for a sexually transmitted disease (odds ratio [OR]: 1.7), report not using a condom at last sexual intercourse (OR: 1.7), have multiple sexual partners in the past 6 months (OR: 2.0), have risky sex partners (OR: 1.5), have a new sex partner in the past 30 days (OR: 3.0), and not use any contraception during the last sexual intercourse episode (OR: 1.9). Furthermore, adolescents perceiving less parental monitoring were more likely to have a history of marijuana use and use marijuana more often in the past 30 days (OR: 2.3 and OR: 2.5, respectively); a history of alcohol use and greater alcohol consumption in the past 30 days (OR: 1.4 and OR: 1.9, respectively); have a history of arrest (OR: 2.1); and there was a trend toward having engaged in fights in the past 6 months (OR: 1.4). Conclusions. The findings demonstrate a consistent pattern of health risk behaviors and adverse biological outcomes associated with less perceived parental monitoring. Additional research needs to focus on developing theoretical models that help explain the influence of familial environment on adolescent health and develop and evaluate interventions to promote the health of adolescents.

The effects of an abusive primary partner on the condom use and sexual negotiation practices of African-American women.

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study examined the consequences of having a physically abusive primary partner on the condom use and sexual negotiation practices of young African-American women. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 165 sexually active African-American women aged 18 through 29 in San Francisco, Calif. RESULTS: Women in abusive relationships were less likely than others to use condoms and were more likely to experience verbal abuse, emotional abuse, or threats of physical abuse when they discussed condoms. They were more fearful of asking their partners to use condoms, worried more about acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and felt more isolated than did women not in abusive relationships. CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevention programs for women should address domestic violence prevention strategies.

Preventing AIDS : theories and methods of behavioral interventions

Abstract: Introduction: The Role of Behavioral Interventions for HIV Prevention RJ DiClemente, JL Peterson Theories of Behavior Change: The Health Belief Model and HIV Risk Behavior Change IM Rosenstock, et al Interventions for Adolescents: SchoolBased Behavioral Interventions to Prevent HIV among Adolescents D Kirby, RJ DiClemente Interventions for Injection Drug Users: Behavioral Interventions for InTreatment Injection Drug Users L Roerich, et al Interventions for Women: Interventions for Sexual Partners of HIV-Infected or High-Risk Individuals NS Padian, et al Interventions for Homosexual and Bisexual Men: HIV Prevention for Gay and Bisexual Men in Metropolitan Cities R Hays, JL Peterson Conclusion: Lessons Learned from Behavioral Interventions JL Peterson, RJ DiClemente 9 additional articles Index

How Many Interviews Are Enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability

Abstract: Guidelines for determining nonprobabilistic sample sizes are virtually nonexistent. Purposive samples are the most commonly used form of nonprobabilistic sampling, and their size typically relies on the concept of “saturation,” or the point at which no new information or themes are observed in the data. Although the idea of saturation is helpful at the conceptual level, it provides little practical guidance for estimating sample sizes, prior to data collection, necessary for conducting quality research. Using data from a study involving sixty in-depth interviews with women in two West African countries, the authors systematically document the degree of data saturation and variability over the course of thematic analysis. They operationalize saturation and make evidence-based recommendations regarding nonprobabilistic sample sizes for interviews. Based on the data set, they found that saturation occurred within the first twelve interviews, although basic elements for metathemes were present as early as six...

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

Abstract: XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Out of the Crisis

Abstract: According to W. Edwards Deming, American companies require nothing less than a transformation of management style and of governmental relations with industry. In Out of the Crisis, originally published in 1982, Deming offers a theory of management based on his famous 14 Points for Management. Management's failure to plan for the future, he claims, brings about loss of market, which brings about loss of jobs. Management must be judged not only by the quarterly dividend, but by innovative plans to stay in business, protect investment, ensure future dividends, and provide more jobs through improved product and service. In simple, direct language, he explains the principles of management transformation and how to apply them.

Childhood and Society.

Abstract: Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and

Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines.

Abstract: The MMWR series of publications is published by the Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333.