Biodiesel is gaining more and more importance as an attractive fuel due to the depleting fossil fuel resources. Chemically biodiesel is monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feed stock like vegetable oils and animal fats. It is produced by transesterification in which, oil or fat is reacted with a monohydric alcohol in presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction condition, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, type and amount of catalysts, reaction time and temperature and purity of reactants. In the present paper various methods of preparation of biodiesel with different combination of oil and catalysts have been described. The technical tools and processes for monitoring the transesterification reactions like TLC, GC, HPLC, GPC, 1H NMR and NIR have also been summarized. In addition, fuel properties and specifications provided by different countries are discussed.

Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification—a review

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Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines

介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification

Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils.

Efforts are under way in many countries, including India, to search for suitable alternative diesel fuels that are environment friendly. The need to search for these fuels arises mainly from the standpoint of preserving the global environment and the concern about long-term supplies of conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel fuels. Among the different possible sources, diesel fuels derived from triglycerides (vegetable oils/animal fats) present a promising alternative to substitute diesel fuels. Although triglycerides can fuel diesel engines, their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of various derivatives. Fatty acid methyl esters, known as biodiesel, derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol have received the most attention. The main advantages of using biodiesel are its renewability, better-quality exhaust gas emissions, its biodegradability and given that all the organic carbon present is photosynthetic in origin, it does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the greenhouse effect.

Triglycerides-based diesel fuels

Anhydrous ethanol is one of the biofuels produced today and it is a subset of renewable energy. It is considered to be an excellent alternative clean-burning fuel to gasoline. Anhydrous ethanol is commercially produced by either catalytic hydration of ethylene or fermentation of biomass. Any biological material that has sugar, starch or cellulose can be used as biomass for producing anhydrous ethanol. Since ethanol–water solution forms a minimum-boiling azeotrope of composition of 89.4 mol% ethanol and 10.6 mol% water at 78.2 °C and standard atmospheric pressure, the dilute ethanol–water solutions produced by fermentation process can be continuously rectified to give at best solutions containing 89.4 mol% ethanol at standard atmospheric pressure. Therefore, special process for removal of the remaining water is required for manufacture of anhydrous ethanol. Various processes for producing anhydrous ethanol have been used/suggested. These include: (i) chemical dehydration process, (ii) dehydration by vacuum distillation process, (iii) azeotropic distillation process, (iv) extractive distillation processes, (v) membrane processes, (vi) adsorption processes and (vii) diffusion distillation process. These processes of manufacturing anhydrous ethanol have been improved continuously due to the increasingly strict requirements for quantity and quality of this product. The literature available on these processes is reviewed. These processes are also compared on the basis of energy requirements.

http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/files.php?pid=280061&aid=23024

Anhydrous ethanol: A renewable source of energy

Hydrogen is being contemplated as the future fuel in view of the abundant availability of hydrogen bearing substances in nature, its high energy content (120.7 kJ/g), and its combustion without creating any environmental pollution. Pollution free sources for hydrogen generation and efficient conversion to useful energy are the two important factors controlling the development of hydrogen economy. Out of various liquid hydrogen sources, ethanol is a sustainable candidate because of its renewable nature, increasing availability, biodegradable nature, low toxicity, and ease of transport. It can be easily converted to a hydrogen rich mixture through catalytic steam reforming process. Further, ethanol steam reforming (ESR) is thermodynamically feasible and does not cause catalyst poisoning due to complete absence of S-impurities. However, the carbonaceous deposition during ESR is still an issue to make it sustainable for hydrogen generation. This review contains all parallel possible reactions besides the desired reactions, which can promote carbonaceous deposition over catalyst surface with respect to temperature. The role of operating conditions such as water and ethanol feed ratio and temperature with carbon generation were interrelated. The characterization of different carbon forms synthesized during ESR and the possible role of active catalyst into carbon synthesis mechanism was also considered. The contribution of precursor used for catalyst preparation, the role of active metals, the interaction between active metals for bimetallic catalyst, different kind of support prominently studied for ESR and their structural behaviors were also correlated. This review makes an attempt to critically summarize the recent strategies used to reduce the carbonaceous deactivation of catalyst during ESR on the basis of available literature survey. The focus of the review is catalyst deactivation due to carbonaceous deposition during reforming and possible strategies used to control the deactivation process during ESR.

Ethanol steam reforming for hydrogen production: Latest and effective catalyst modification strategies to minimize carbonaceous deactivation

The diesel engines are energy efficient, but their particulate (soot) emissions are responsible of severe environmental and health problems. This review provides a survey on published information regarding diesel soot emission, its adverse effects on the human health, environment, vegetations, climate, etc. The legislations to limit diesel emissions and ways to minimize soot emission are also summarized. Soot particles are suspected to the development of cancer; cardiovascular and respiratory health effects; pollution of air, water, and soil; impact agriculture productivity, soiling of buildings; reductions in visibility; and global climate change. The review covers important recent developments on technologies for control of particulate matter (PM); diesel particulate filters (DPFs), summarizing new filter and catalyst materials and DPM measurement. DPF technology is in a state of optimization and cost reduction. New DPF regeneration strategies (active, passive and plasma-assisted regenerations) as well as the new learning on the fundamentals of soot/catalyst interaction are described. Recent developments in diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) are also summarized showing potential issues with advanced combustion strategies, important interactions on NO2 formation, and new formulations for durability. Finally, systematic compilation of the concerned newer literature on catalytic oxidation of soot in a well conceivable tabular form is given. A total of 156 references are cited. ©2010 BCREC UNDIP. All rights reserved ( Received: 2nd June 2010, Revised: 17th June 2010; Accepted: 24th June 2010 ) [How to Cite : R. Prasad, V.R. Bella. (2010). Review on Diesel Soot Emission, its Effect and Control. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis , 5(2): 69-86. doi:10.9767/bcrec.5.2.794.69-86 ] [DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.5.2.794.69-86 || or local:   http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/794 ] Cited by in: ACS 1 |

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A Review on Diesel Soot Emission, its Effect and Control

The diesel engines are energy efficient (1), but their particulate matter (soot) emissions are still a matter of concern even though major advances in their control are being made For soot abatement, catalytic diesel particulate filter (DPF) technique is widely employed to trap and burn the soot Many types of catalysts have been investigated for the soot combustion ie platinum group metal (PGM) based, perovskite-type oxides, spinel-type oxides, rare earth metal oxides, and mixed transient metal oxides etc The cost of PGM catalysts is high and their availability is questionable Further they are susceptible to poisoning and have low thermal stability On the other hand perovskite catalysts show potential as effective soot oxidation catalyst for the DPF because of their low cost, high thermal stability and tailoring flexibility Many papers related to soot oxidation over perovskite catalysts have been published but no review paper appears in the literature that is dedicated to soot oxidation Thus, thi

Ram Prasad

Papers

Triglycerides-based diesel fuels

Anhydrous ethanol: A renewable source of energy

Ethanol steam reforming for hydrogen production: Latest and effective catalyst modification strategies to minimize carbonaceous deactivation

A Review on Diesel Soot Emission, its Effect and Control

Preparation and Application of Perovskite Catalysts for Diesel Soot Emissions Control: An Overview